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Discussion about Comparative Methods

AAREBROT, Frank H. and BAKKA, Pal H. (1997), "Die vergleichende Methode in der Politikwissenschaft", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (eds), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 3rd ed., Opladen, Leske & Budrich, pp. 49-66.

AAREBROT, Frank H. and BAKKA, Pal H. (2003), "Die vergleichende Methode in der Politikwissenschaft", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (eds), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft: Ein einführendes Studienhandbuch 4th ed., Wiesbaden, VS-Verlag, pp. 57-76.

ABBOTT, Andrew (1992), "What Do Cases Do? Some Notes on Activity in Sociological Analysis", in RAGIN, Charles C. and BECKER, Howard S. (eds), What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, New-York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 53-82.

ABEDI, Amir (ed) (2004), Anti-Political Establishment Parties, London, Routledge.

ACHEN, Christopher H. (2005), "Two Cheers for Charles Ragin", Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID), 40, 1, 27-32.

ALMOND, Gabriel A. and POWELL, Bingham G. Jr. (1978), Comparative Politics : System, Process, and Policy, 2nd ed., Boston, Little & Brown.

AMENTA, Edwin (1991), "Making the Most of a Case Study : Theories of the Welfare State and the American Experience", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 172-194.

AMENTA, Edwin (2003), "What We Know About the Development of Social Policy: Comparative and Historical Research in Comparative and Historical Perspective", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 91-130.

AMENTA, Edwin and POULSEN, Jane Duss (1996), "Social Politics in Context: the Institutional Politics Theory and Social Spending at the End of the New Deal", Social Forces, 75, 1, 33-60.
Abstract: In this article, we develop an institutional politics theory of public social provision and examine U.S. social spending programs at the end of the New Deal. This theory integrates key insights of institutional and political theories of social policy. Drawing on institutional arguments, our theory holds that the willingness or ability of pro-spending actors to promote social spending initiatives depends on institutional conditions, especially the extent of voting rights and the nature of political party systems. Furthermore, drawing on political arguments, the theory posits the importance of pro-spending actors, including progressive factions of political parties and organized challengers. To appraise the institutional politics theory, we analyze state-level outcomes for Old-Age Assistance pensions and Works Progress Administration wages, employing multiple regression and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). All analyses support the institutional politics theory.

ANCKAR, Dag (1997), "Dominating Smallness. Big Parties in Lilliput Systems", Party Politics, 3, 2, 243-263.
Abstract: Methods : comparison of smaller countries.

ANONYMOUS (2006), Verifying and Integrating Qualitative Comparative Analysis (unpublished manuscript).

APTER, David E. (1996), "Comparative Politics, Old and New", in GOODIN, Robert E. and KLINGEMANN, Hans-Dieter (eds), A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 372-400.
Abstract: Good review of the literature.

ARGYRIS, Chris (1968), "Effectiveness and Planning of Change", in SILLS, David L. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, London, The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, pp. 311-319.

ARMINGEON, Klaus (2004), "Major Changes Without Regime Shifts: Switzerland and Japan in Comparative Perspective", Swiss Political Science Review, 10, 3, 5-30.

AYLOTT, Nicholas (2001), "Let's Discuss This Later. Party Responses to Euro-Division in Scandinavia", Party Politics, 8, 4, 441-461.
Abstract: The issue of European integration has disrupted party politics in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in various ways. This article assesses the impact of internal division over Europe within certain parties, and these parties' responses to it. It is argued that party leaderships have increasingly attempted to compartmentalize the different arenas in which they operate, and to isolate potentially damaging European questions in quarantined areas. This can be observed in, for example, party leaders' resort to referendums to decide contentious EU-related matters, the suspension of party discipline when such matters are debated and the careful sequencing of different party goals. The experiences of the Scandinavian social democratic parties are examined as comparative cases. Finally, some hypotheses that might inform further research are suggested, and some wider consequences of these strategies of compartmentalization are discussed.

BADIE, Bertrand and HERMET, Guy (2001), La politique comparée, Paris, Armand Colin.

BAILEY, Kenneth D. (1994), Typologies and Taxonomies: an Introduction to Classification Techniques, Beverly Hills, Sage.

BALE, Tim (2005), Euopean Politics. A Comparative Introduction, New York, Palgrave Macmillan. (http://www.palgrave.com/politics/bale)

BARBIER, Jean-Claude and LETABLIER, Marie-Thérèse (eds) (2005), Politiques sociales. Enjeux méthodologiques et épistémologiques des comparaisons internationales, [Social Policies. Epistemological and Methodological Issues in Cross-National Comparison]., Bruxelles, P.I.E-Peter Lang.

BARTELS, Larry M. (2004), "Some Unfulfilled Promises of Quantitative Imperialism", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 69-74.

BARTOLINI, Stefano (1993), "On Time and Comparative Research", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 5, 2, 131-167.

BATES, Diane C. (1997), Tourism and Development in the Caribbean: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis,Rutgers University (unpublished). ((M.A. Thesis, sociology, unpublished))

BECKER, Howard S. (1998), Tricks of the Trade: How to Think About Your Research While You'Re Doing It, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

---------- (2002), Les ficelles du métier. Un guide de recherche en sciences sociales, Paris, La Découverte.

BEFANI, Barbara (2004), "La Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) e la valutazione basata sulla teoria: un connubio possibile", Rassegna Italiana Di Valutazione, 2,

BENDIX, Reinhart (1968), "Max Weber", in SILLS, David L. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, London, The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, pp. 493-502.

BENNETT, Andrew (9.1999), "Causal Inference in Case Studies: From Mill's Methods to Causal Mechanisms", paper presented at : American Political Science Association Conference, Atlanta. (online at : http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/bennetta/APSA99.html)

______ (2001), Qualitative Research Methods (Course Syllabus, Georgetown University) (unpublished manuscript). (Online at : http://www.asu.edu/clas/polisci/cqrm/syllabi/Bennett2001.html)
Abstract: The central goal of the seminar is to enable students to create and critique methodologically sophisticated case study research designs in the social sciences. To do so, the seminar will explore the techniques, uses, strengths, and limitations of case study methods, while emphasizing the relationships among these methods, alternative methods, and contemporary debates in the philosophy of science. The research examples used to illustrate methodological issues will be drawn from international relations, comparative politics, and American politics. However, the methodological content of the course is also applicable to the study of history, sociology, and economics.

---------- (2004), "Case Study Methods: Design, Use, and Comparative Advantages", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 19-55.

BENNETT, Andrew and Bear Braumoeller, "Where the Model Frequently Meets the Road: Combining Statistical, Formal, and Case Study Methods ." (forthcoming):forthcoming.

BENNETT, Andrew and GEORGE, Alexander L. (1998), "An Alliance of Statistical and Case Study Methods : Research on the Interdemocratic Peace", APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics, 9, 1, 5-. (Online at : http://www.shelley.polisci.ucla.edu/apsacp/APSA-CP_Winter_1998.pdf)

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (1997), "Makro-qualitative vergleichende Methoden", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (eds), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. 3rd ed., Opladen, Leske & Budrich, pp. 67-88.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (1998), "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe. a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39, 4, 335-377.

---------- (2000), "Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MITCHELL, Jeremy (eds), Conditions of Democracy in Europe, 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies, Basingstoke, New York, Macmillan, pp. 285-315.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (2001), "Comparative Studies - Method and Design", in SMELSER, Neil J. and BALTES, Paul B. (eds), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 2427-2433.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (2002), "Macro-Quantitative Vs Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical Theories of Democracy", paper presented at : Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire de la politique comparée au 21eme siecle" Atelier 2:outils méthodologiques, Bordeaux, France,
Abstract: There are some few attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences. This paper explicitely illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the specific strenghts and weaknesses of the respective methods and theories are demonstrated.

---------- (2004), "Evaluation critique des indicateurs de la démocratisation et de la bonne gouvernance", in THIRIOT, Céline, MARTY, Marianne , and NADAL, Emmanuel (eds), Penser la politique comparée. Un état des savoirs théoriques et méthodologiques., Paris, Editions Karthala, pp. 249-278.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and DE MEUR, Gisèle (1992), "Conditions of Democracy in Inter-War Europe. A Boolean Test of Major Hypotheses", Discussion Paper. Centre d'Economie Mathématique et d'Econométrie. Université Libre de Bruxelles,

---------- (1994), "Conditions of Democracy in Interwar Europe: a Boolean Test of Major Hypotheses", Comparative Politics, 26, 3, 253-279.

---------- (2000), "Reduction of Complexity", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and DE MEUR, Gisèle (eds), Crisis, Compromise, Collapse. Vol. 2 : Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-1939, London, MacMillan,

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and DE MEUR, Gisèle (2008), "Comparative Research Design : Case and Variable Selection", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, pp. 19-32.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, DE MEUR, Gisèle, RIHOUX, Benoît, and RAGIN, Charles C. (2008), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) As an Approach", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, pp. 1-18.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MITCHELL, Jeremy (eds) (2000), Conditions of Democracy in Europe, 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies , Basingstoke, New York, Macmillan Press, St Martin's Press.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (eds) (1997), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. 3rd ed., Opladen, Leske & Budrich.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and QUENTER, Sven (1996 ), "Macro-Quantitative Versus Macro-Qualitative Methods in Political Science. Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparative Procedures Using the Welfare-State Theory As an Example", Historical Social Research, 21, 1, 3-25.

BERGÈS, Michel (1994), "Les conflits paradigmatiques de la comparaison", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 1, 1, 101-132.

BERNARD, H. Russell and RYAN, Gery (1998), "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Text Analysis", in BERNARD, H. Russell (ed.), Hand-Book of Method in Cultural Anthropology, Walnut Creek, CA, Alta Mira Books, p. ?? (online at : http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/txtana.html)

---------- (1998), "Text Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods", in BERNARD, H. Russel (ed), Handbook of Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology, ??, Sage, pp. 595-641. (online at : http://www.analytictech.com/mb870/bernard_ryan_text_analysis.pdf)

BERNHARD, Michael (2001), Seminar : Comparative Methods (Course Syllabus) (unpublished manuscript). (Online at : http://www.asu.edu/clas/polisci/cqrm/syllabi/bernhard.pdf)

BIGGERT, R. (1997), "Why Labor Wins, Why Labor Loses: a Test of Two Theories", The Sociological Quarterly, 38, 1, 205-224.

BLEIKLIE, Ivar A., GOGGIN, Malcolm L., and ROTHMAYR, Christine (eds.) (2004), A Comparative Biomedical Policy. Governing Assisted Reproductive Technologies, New York, Routledge.

BLONDEL, Jean (1972), Comparing Political Systems, New York, Praeger.

---------- (1994), "Plaidoyer pour une conception oeucuménique de l'analyse comparée", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 1, 1, 5-18.

BOL, Damien (09.10/09.11/09.12.2009), "Assessing the Relevance of Necessary Conditions in Configurational Comparative Methods (CCM). The Example of Veto Players in the Process of Electoral Reform", paper presented at : ECPR General Conference, Potsdam,

BOLLEN, Kenneth A., ENTWISLE, Barbara, and ALDERSON, Arthur S. (1993), "Macrocomparative Research Methods", Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 321-351.

BOSWELL, Terry and BROWN, Cliff (1999), "The Scope of General Theory. Methods for Linking Deductive and Inductive Comparative History", Sociological Methods and Research, 28, 2, 154-185.

BOX-STEFFENMEIER, Janet M. and BRADFORD S. JONES (1997), "Time Is of the Essence: Event History Models in Political Science", American Journal of Political Science, 4, 41, 1414-1461.

BOX-STEFFENSMEIER, Janet M. and BRADFORD S. JONES (2004), Event History Modelling. A Guide for Social Scientists, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

BOY, Daniel and RIHOUX, Benoît (2001), "Les partis écologistes en France et en Europe", Notes Et Études Du CEVIPOF, 8,

BRADY, Henry E. (2004), "Data-Set Observations Versus Causal-Process Observations: the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 267-314.

---------- (2004), "Doing Good and Doing Better: How Far Does the Quantitative Template Get Us?", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 53-68.

BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds) (2004), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

BRADY, Henry E., COLLIER, David, and SEAWRIGHT, Jason (2004), "Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 3-20.

BRADY, Henry E and SEAWRIGHT Jason (2004), Framing Social Inquiry: From Models of Causation to Statistically Based Causal Inference (unpublished manuscript).

BRITT, David W. (4.2.1998/4.5.1998), "Analyzing Context-Dependent Policy With Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Midwest Sociological Society Meeting, Panel on "Multi-Method Approaches to Policy Analysis", Kansas City,

BROWN, Cliff and BOSWELL, Terry (1995), "Strikebreaking or Solidarity in the Great Steel Strike of 1919: a Split L abor Market, Game-Theoretic, and QCA Analysis", American Journal of Sociology, 100, 6, 1479-1519.

BUDGE, Ian (1992), "Postwar Issues in 23 Democracies", ICPS Working Papers, 44, 69.

BURSENS, Peter (1999), "Bijlage 5: Uitwerking van de QCA analyse", in BURSENS, Peter, Impact van instituties op beleidsvorming. Een institutionneel perspectief op besluitvorming in de communautaire pijler van de Europese Unie [PhD dissertation, unpublished], Antwerpen, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, pp. 409-419.

BURSENS, Peter (1999), Impact van instituties op beleidsvorming. Een institutionneel perspectief op besluitvorming in de communautaire pijler van de Europese Unie, Antwerpen, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (unpublished). (PhD dissertation, unpublished)

CAMPELL, Donald T. (1975), "Degrees of Freedom and the Cases Study", Comparative Political Studies, 8, 2, 178-193.

CARAMANI, Daniele (forthcoming, 2008), Introduction to Comparative Method With Boolean Algebra , Thousand Oaks, Sage.

CAREN, Neal and PANOFSKY, Aaron (11.2005), "TQCA. A Technique for Adding Temporality to Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Sociological Methods & Research, 34, 2, 147-172.

CASAS-ZAMORA, Kevin ( Paying for Democracy,ECPR Monographs.

CAUTRES, Bruno (2.23.2002/2.25.2002), "Analyse cross-nationale des données d'enquetes. Quelques vieux problèmes récurrents", paper presented at : Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle, IEP Bordeaux, France,
Abstract: L'analyse comparative des attitudes et comportements politiques a connu au cours des trois dernières décennies d'importants développements. Un certain nombre de programmes internationaux ou européens de collectes d'enquetes par sondages ont vu au cours de cette période (les enquetes sur les Valeurs des européens, l'Intenational Social Survey Programme). L'un des objectifs importants de cette contribution sera de porter un regard, parfois critique, sur les apports et les limites de ces enquetes à l'analyse politique comparative. Il serait notamment intéressant de procéder à une évaluation de ces programmes d'enquetes et des résultats des travaux qui en sont issus à l'aune des bilans que les auteurs des années 60 et 70 tiraient eux-memes. Par bien des aspects en effet, il semble qu'il faille, malgré les importants progrès réalisés dans l'organisation internationale de la recherche et l'apparition de dispositifs opérationnels de collecte de données, revenir sur un certain nombre de vieux problèmes parfois en voie de résolution, parfois non... L'objectif de cette communication est de proposer un balisage de ces vieux problèmes et des solutions offertes par l'analyse des données elles-memes.

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (C.I.A.) (1996), The World Factbook 1995-96, Washington D.C., Brassey's.

CHANSON, Guillaume, DEMIL, Benoît, LECOCQ, Xavier, and SPRIMONT, Pierre-Antoine (2005), "La place de l’analyse qualitative comparée en sciences de gestion", Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 3, 8, 29-50.

CHELOVA, Mariya (Reseach Note on Methodology (unpublished manuscript).

CHILCOTE, Ronald H. (1994), Theories of Comparative Politics. The Search for a Paradigm Reconsidered, 2nd ed., Boulder, Westview Press.

CLÉMENT, Caty (2001), A QCA Analysis of State Collapse (unpublished manuscript).

CLIFFORD, Elizabeth and GRAN, Brian (2000), "Immigrant Flows: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Economic, Demographic and Political Influences", paper presented at : American Sociological Association (ASA) Meeting, Panel on "Comparative Studies of International Migration in the World System", ??,

COBB, Roger, ROSS, Jennie-Keith, and ROSS, Marc Howard (1976), "Agenda Building As a Comparative Political Process", American Political Science Review, 70, 1, 126-138.

COLEMAN, James S. (1990), Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press.

COLINO, César (2000), "Método comparativo", in REYES, Roman (ed.), Diccionario crítico de ciencias sociales. Terminología científico-social - aproximación crítica, Madrid, =Universidad Complutense de Madrid, p. ?? (online at : http://www.ucm.es/info/eurotheo/d-colino1.htm)

COLLIER, David (1991), "The Comparative Method: Two Decades of Change", in RUSTOW, Dankwart A. and ERICKSON, Kenneth P. (eds.), Comparative Political Dynamics. Global Research Perspectives, New-York, Haper Collins, pp. 7-31.

COLLIER, David (1993), "The Comparative Method", in FINIFTER, Ada W. (ed.), Political Science : the State of the Discipline (II), Washington, American Political Science Association, pp. 105-119.

---------- (1998), "Letter From the President. Comparative Method in the 1990s", APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics, 9, 1, 1-4. (Online at : http://www.nd.edu/~apsacp/pdf/APSA-CP_Winter_1998.pdf)

COLLIER, David, BRADY, Henry E., and SEAWRIGHT, Jason (Forthcoming, 2003), "Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology", in COLLIER, David and BRADY, Henry E. (eds.), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Boulder, CO and Berkeley, Roman & Littlefield and Berkeley Public Policy Press,

COLLIER, David, BRADY, Henry E, and SEAWRIGHT, Jason (2004), "Sources of Leverage in Causal Inference: Toward an Alternative View of Methodology", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 229-266.

COLLIER, David, BRADYM HENRY E., and SEQWRIGHT, Jason (2004), "Critiques, Responses, and Trade-Offs: Drawing Together the Debate", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 195-228.

COLLIER, David and MAHON, James E. JR. (1993), "Conceptual "Stretching" Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis", American Political Science Review, 87, 4, 845-855.

COLLIER, David and MAHONEY, James (1996), "Insights and Pitfalls - Selection Bias in Qualitative Research", World Politics, 49, 1, 56-.

COLLIER, David, MAHONEY, James, and SEAWRIGHT, Jason (2004), "Claiming Too Much: Warnings About Selection Bias", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 85-102.

COLLIER, David and MAHONEY, James E. (1993), "Conceptual "Stretching" Revisited: Adpating Categories in Comparative Analysis", Amercian Political Science Review, 87, 4, 845-855.

COLLIER, David, SEAWRIGHT, Jason, and MUNCKM GERARDO (2004), "The Quest for Standards: King, Keohane, and Verba's Designing Social Inquiry", in BRADY, Henry E and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 21-50.

COLLIER, Ruth Berins and COLLIER, David (1991), Shaping the Political Arena : Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

COLOMER, Josep. (2001), Political Institutions. Democracy and Social Choice, San Francisco, Freeman.

COOK, Thomas D. and CAMPBELL, Donald T. (1979), Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings, Boston, MA, Houghton Miffin.

CORMAN, Frédéric (1997), Le militantisme "vert": étude comparative des membres de Greenpeace et Ecolo. Mémoire de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licencié en Sciences Politiques, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

COUTURIER, Benoît (1999), Comparaison de la qualité démocratique du Mouvement Ecolo, du Parti Réformateur Libéral, du Parti Socialiste et du Parti Social Chrétien. Statuts, programmes et actions politiques. Mémoire présenté en vue de l'obtention du titre de licencié en Science Politique, orientation Affaires Sociales,Université catholique de Louvain, Facultés des sciences politiques, économiques et sociales (unpublished).

CRONQVIST, Lasse (2007c), Konfigurationelle Analyse mit Multi-Value QCA als Methode der Vergleichenden Politikwissenschaft,University of Marburg (unpublished).

CRONQVIST, Lasse and BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (2008), "Multi-Value QCA (MVQCA)", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage,

CROTTY, William J. (1970), "A Perspective for the Comparative Analysis of Political Parties", Comparative Politics, 3, 3, 267-296.

CURCHOD, Corentin, "Faits et idées en management stratégique." (2001):2001.

CURCHOD, Corentin (2002), "Diversity-Oriented Research. Between Complexity and Generality", COMPASSS Working Paper, 4, 11p.

CUVELIER, Christine (1995), Le marketing politique au sein de deux partis belges Ecolo-P.S.C. au cours des élections européennes du 12 juin 1994. Mémoire de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licenciée en Affaires Publiques et Relations Internationales, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des sciences politiques et sociales (unpublished).

DAALDER, Hans (ed.) (??), Comparative European Politics: the Story of a Profession, London, Pinter.

---------- (1983), "The Comparative Study of European Parties and Party Systems : an Overview", in DAALDER, Hans and MAIR, Peter (eds), Western European Party Systems. Continuity and Change, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, pp. 1-28.

DACO, Daniel (1980), Le mouvement écologiste comme nouvel acteur politique: le cas des élections européennes. Travail de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licencié Relations Internationales et Administration Publique, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

DAHL, Robert A. and TUFTE, Edward R. (1973), Size and Democracy, Stanford, Stanford University Press.

DALTON, Russell J. (1996), "Comparative Politics : Micro-Behavioral Perspectives", in GOODIN, Robert E. and KLINGEMANN, Hans-Dieter (eds), A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 336-352.

DE MEESTER DE BETZENBROECK, Gauthier (1997), Ecolo et Front National: alternatives crédibles au système traditionnel? Mémoire de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du diplôme de Licencié en Sciences politiques et sociales, orientation Affaires publiques,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

DE MEUR, Gisèle (1996), "La comparaison des systèmes politiques : recherche des similarités et des différences", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 3, 2, 405-437.

DE MEUR, Gisèle, BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and RAGIN, Charles C. (1994), "Statistical Methodology and Comparative Research", paper presented at : IPSA Conference, Berlin,

DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît (6.13.2001), "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée. Objets, potentiels et limites", paper presented at : Séminaire méthodologique du Centre de Politique Comparée (CPC), UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve,

---------- (2.21.2002/2.23.2002), "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée (AQQC-QCA): une "troisième voie" au service de la politique comparée?", paper presented at : Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle" Atelier 2: outils méthodologiques, Bordeaux,

DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît (2004), "L'analyse Quali-Quantitative Comparée. Une "troisieme voie" au service de la politique comparée [Qualitative Comparative Analysis. A "third way" available for comparative politics]", in THIRIOT, Céline, MARTY, Marianne, and NADAL, Emmanuel (Eds), Penser la politique comparée. Un état des savoirs théoriques et méthodologiques, Paris, Editions Kharthala, pp. 279-290.

DE MEUR, Gisèle and BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (1994), "Comparing Political Systems: Establishing Similarities and Dissimilarities", European Journal of Political Research, 26, 2, 193-219.

DE MEUR, Gisèle and BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (1996), "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe: Systematic Matching and Contrasting of Cases for "Small N" Analysis", Comparative Political Studies, 29, 4, 423-468.

DE MEUR, Gisèle, RIHOUX, Benoît, and YAMASAKI, Sakura (2008), "Addressing the Critiques of QCA", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, pp. 147-166.

DEHEZ, Pierre (2004), "L'analyse comparative, une étape vers une meilleure analyse quantitative?", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 129-131.

DELVAUX, Inès (1997), Post-matérialisme et écologie politique. Mémoire de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du titre de Licenciée en Sciences Politiques et Sociales, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain, Faculté des sciences politiques et sociales (unpublished).

DERBYSHIRE, J. Denis and DERBYSHIRE, Ian (1993), World Political Systems : an Introduction to Comparative Government, Edinburgh, Chambers.

DIANI, Mario and MCADAM, Doug (eds.) (2003), Social Movements and Networks. Relational Approaches to Collective Action, Comparative Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press .

DIERICKX, Guido (1999), De logica van de politiek, 2de ed., Leuven, Garant.

DIERKES, Julian B. (2001 (fall)), Teaching Portrayals of the Nation - Postwar History Education in the Germanys and Japan,Princeton University (unpublished). ([Dissertation proposal online at : http://www.princeton.edu/~jdierkes/proposal.html]; abstract of dissertation at : http://www.princeton.edu/~jdierkes/abstracts/diss_summary_0501.pdf)
Abstract: My dissertation will examine the postwar construction of national identity in the educational arena in Japan and the Germanys. Data gathered from secondary school history textbooks and curricula will allow me to classify and compare the portrayal of the nation in the three states over the postwar period. Data on the decision-making processes that lead to particular emphases in textbooks and curricula will help me in developing an organizational model of the content of national identity as it is to be taught in the school. Boolean algebra will aid me in selecting causally important factors for the comparative analysis. The analysis will show that institutionalized conceptions of the nation as well as the institutional configuration of actors involved in educational policy decision-making are associated with a number of alternative substantive outcomes. The dissertation will advance the understanding of the role of actors in institutional political sociology and will advance this approach by applying it to a new subfield and new historical cases. The dissertation will also develop methodological tools for the applicability of Boolean algebra to longitudinal comparisons.

Dietsche, Evelyn. "The Political Economy of Policy Decisions: Why Good Technical Reform Designs Don't Always Work." (December 2003).

Mainstream economists advising developing countries on public management reforms often find it frustrating that politicians and senior civil servants are reluctant to pursue policies that are thought to foster economic growth and social welfare. Political economists seek explanations for why decision makers choose sub-optimal policies and jeopardise national development prospects. They recognise that politicians and the staff of public agencies operate under complex incentives that often result in poor policy decisions with negative economic and social consequences. This article reviews recent strands of political economics analyse policy-;aking and the trajectories of policy outcomes. It demonstrates complemetarities and disparities and assesses the extent to which convergence has occurred in recent years.

DION, Douglas (1998), "Evidence and Inference in the Comparative Case Study", Comparative Politics, 127-145.

DOBRATZ, Betty A., WALDNER, L. K., and BUZZELL, T. (eds.) (2003), Political Sociology for the 21st Century, Research in Political Sociology, Amsterdam, JAI.

DOGAN, Mattei (1994), "L'analyse quantitative en science politique : us et abus", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 1, 1, 37-60.

DOGAN, Mattei (1994), "Use and Misuse of Statistics in Comparative Research. Limits to Quantification in Comparative Politics: The Gap Between Substance and Method", in DOGAN, Matei and KAZANCIGIL, Ali (eds.), Comparing Nations. Concepts, Strategies and Substance, Oxford, Cambridge, Blackwell, pp. 35-71.

DOGAN, Mattei and KAZANCIGIL, A. (eds) (1991), Comparing Nations, Oxford, Blackwell.

DOGAN, Mattei and PÉLASSY, Dominique (eds) (1980), La comparaison internationale en sociologie politique : une sélection de textes sur la démarche du comparatiste, Paris, Librairies Techniques.

---------- (1981), Sociologie politique comparative. Problèmes et perspectives, Paris, Economica.

DONER, Richard and STRAHAN Randall (2001), Qualitative Methods (Course Syllabus, Emory University) (unpublished manuscript). (Online at : http://www.asu.edu/clas/polisci/cqrm/syllabi/donerstrahan.htm)
Abstract: The goal of the course is to help students develop proficiency in the use of qualitative methods in two respects. The first is to understand and be able to articulate the assumptions about the political world and arguments about scientific knowledge on which qualitative approaches in political science are grounded. We will devote particular attention to the question of how research designs involving relatively small numbers of intensive observations can be used to develop and test theory in political science. The second type of proficiency the course will help students develop involves basic knowledge of the principal techniques used by political scientists who do qualitative research. Our objective is to help students develop the methodological tools needed to pursue rigorous qualitative research for the dissertation, either as a supplement to quantitative analyses or as the principal research strategy.

DRYZEK, John S., DOWNES, David, HUNOLD, Christian, SCHLOSBERG, David, and HERNES, Hans-Kristian (eds.) (2003), Green States and Social Movements. Environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Abstract: Social movements take shape in relation to the kind of state they face, while, over time, states are transformed by the movements they both incorporate and resist. Social movements are central to democracy and democratization. This book examines the interaction between states and environmentalism, emblematic of contemporary social movements. The analysis covers the entire sweep of the modern environmental era that begins in the 1970s, emphasizing the comparative history of four countries: the US, UK, Germany, and Norway, each of which captures a particular kind of interest representation. Interest groups, parties, mass mobilizations, protest businesses, and oppositional public spheres vary in their weight and significance across the four countries. The book explains why the US was an environmental pioneer around 1970, why it was then eclipsed by Norway, why Germany now shows the way, and why the UK has been a laggard throughout. Ecological modernization and the growing salience of environmental risks mean that environmental conservation can now emerge as a basic priority of government, growing out of entrenched economic and legitimation imperatives. The end in view is a green state, on a par with earlier transformations that produced first the liberal capitalist state and then the welfare state. Any such transformation can be envisaged only to the extent environmentalism maintains its focus as a critical social movement that confronts as well as engages the state.

DRYZEK, John S., HERNES, Hans-Kristian, and SCHLOSBERG, David, "States and Social Movements: Environmentalism in Four Countries", paper presented at : 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Fransico,
Abstract: Modern states have so far undergone two major transformations that produced first, the liberal capitalist state and second, the welfare state. Each transformation was accompanied by the migration of a social movement from an oppositional sphere into the core of the state. In the creation of the liberal capitalist state, the bourgeoisie could move from the public sphere into harmony with an emerging economic imperative of the state. In the creation of the welfare state, the organized working class could move from the public sphere into harmony with an emerging legitimation imperative of the state. Here we examine the prospects for a comparable contemporary transformation that would yield a green state that incorporated environmentalism. Ecological modernization and the increasing salience of environmental risk issues show that environmental conservation could emerge as a state imperative, growing out of economic and legitimation imperatives. This examination is grounded in a comparative historical study of four very different kinds of contemporary state: the passively inclusive United States, actively inclusive Norway, passively exclusive Germany, and the actively exclusive United Kingdom of the Thatcher era (1979-90). We show why the United States was an environmental pioneer around 1970, why it was then eclipsed by Norway, and why Germany has now taken the lead in seriously incorporating environmental concerns into the core of the state. The prospects for the green state are therefore strongest in Germany, in large measure due to the legacy of passive exclusion.

DUMONT, Joëlle (1993), Ecolo-Ostbelgien: le parti écologiste en Communauté germanophone. Mémoire de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licenciée en Affaires Publiques et Relations Internationales, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

DUMONT, Patrick and BÄCK, Hanna (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "A Combination of Methods and Process Tracing As the Next Step of Scientific Advance in Coalition Formation Theories", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies" , Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: In this paper, we show that we can improve the drawing of causal inferences about coalition formation by complementing extensive studies with in-depth case studies. The general strategy is to use the predictive performance obtained in a large-n analysis to select cases that were predicted ("on the regression line"), and cases that are not predicted, or deviant ("off the regression line") in previous empirical tests of coalition theories. This selection strategy combined with process tracing should enable us to study the mechanisms underlying the effects found in large-N studies (in the predicted cases), and to study new explanatory variables that could explain the deviant outcomes (in the non-predicted cases). Hence, we should be able to perform ‘process verification’, which involves testing whether the observed processes among variables in a case match those predicted by previously designated theories, thus using case study to confirm models that in the case of coalition formation were elaborated deductively, and ‘process induction’, which involves the inductive observation of apparent causal mechanisms and heuristic rendering of these mechanisms as potential hypotheses for future testing.

DUURSMA, Jorri Carolina (1994), Self-Determination, Statehood and International Relations of Micro-States, Leiden, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden.

EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "How the Cases You Choose Limit the Questions You Ask: Selection Problems in Comparative Research Designs", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: The paper discusses the problems of case selection in comparative cross-national research, that is, how the cases you choose limit the questions you ask. It discusses the pitfalls of quantitative cross-national research, arguing that selection bias is not unique to small-N studies but inherent to the study of real world social systems. All comparative research of social entities, whether quantitative or qualitative, face the problem of limited diversity, the fact that the potential pool of cases has been selected by historical social processes. In small-N studies, the purpose of comparison and the subsequent research design assumes a particularly important role as cases do not represent observations for extensive variable analysis but determine the contexts for intensive within case analyses, the results of which are then compared. For what purpose are cases chosen? Are they selected to elicit unique cases departing from general patterns, to find common causes among cases with similar outcome, to control for similar context conditions, to test predictions by universal hypotheses, to understand the impact of context conditions on causal mechanisms? The paper discusses the consequences of the interaction between research question and research design with examples from cross-national studies of modern welfare states.

EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard and VISSER, Jelle (1998), "When Institutions Matter: Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe, 1950-95", MZES Arbeitspapiere / Working Papers, I/30, 1-37.
Abstract: During the early post-war period, Western trade union movements grew in membership and achieved an institutionalized role in industrial relations and politics. However, during the last decades, many trade unions have seen their membership decline as they came increasingly under pressures due to the social, economic and political changes. This article reviews the main structural, cyclical and institu-tional factors explaining union growth and decline. Concentrating on Western Europe, the empirical analysis compares cross-national union density data for 13 countries over the first period (1950-75) and for 16 countries over the second, "crisis" period (1975-95). The quantitative correlation and re-gression analysis indicates that structural and cyclical factors fail explain the level and changes in unionization across Western Europe, while institutional variables fare better. In a second, qualitative comparative analysis, the authors stress the need to explain cross-national differences in the level or trend of unionization by a set of institutional arrangements: the access of unions to representation in the workplace, the availability of a selective incentive in the form of a union-administered unemploy-ment scheme, recognition of employers through nation-wide and sectoral corporatist institutions, and closed shop arrangements for forced membership. Such institutional configurations support member-ship recruitment and membership retention, and define the conditions for the strategic choice of trade unions in responding to structural social-economic, political and cultural changes.

ECKSTEIN, Harry (1964), Internal War. Problems and Approches, New York, The Free Press.

ECKSTEIN, Harry and APTER, David E. (1968), Comparative Politics : a Reader, New York, The Free Press.

EGEA-DE HARO, Alfonso (2001), "Globalization Within National Contexts: Elusive Concepts", paper presented at : Oslo Summer School in Comparative Social Science Studies 2001: "Comparative Methodology", University of Oslo, Norway,
Abstract: The impact of globalization upon national political contexts is considered as one of the main puzzles in social research. The discussion is mostly centred on how to measure that influence of the globalization process. Consequently, the methodological design of the research is one of the key points at stake. This paper suggests that a combination of quantitative and a historical insitutionalism elements is required in order to analyse the impact of globalisation upon national contexts. The difference between quantitative and historical insitutionalism methodology concerns the level of parsimony required in the social scientific explanation. In other word, while quantitative approach is prone to minimize the explanatory variables of the phenomenon analysed, historical institutionalism provides a plentiful setting of potential explanatory variables interactions but, at the same time, it is difficult to generalise the findings due to research is case driven. Quantitative studies overcome that withdraw of institutionalism, but quantitative analysis lack causality analysis and the definition of the property space of investigation. The scope of the analysis suggested is prone to a first exploration based on a theoretically scope of the units of analysis involved in the research. This perspective based on comparative methodology permits to take into consideration the relationship between variables and the homogeneity of cases as configurations of such variables.

EGGAN, F. (1954), "Social Anthropology and the Method of Controlled Comparison", American Anthropologist, 56, 743-763.

ENGELMANN, Frederick C. (1957), "A Critique of Recent Writings on Political Parties", Journal of Politics, 19, 3, 423-440.

---------- (1968), "A Critique of Recent Writings on Political Parties", in ECKSTEIN, Harry and APTER, David E. (eds), Comparative Politics : a Reader, New York, The Free Press, pp. 378-386.

EVANS, Geoffrey (2000), The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context, ed. Oxford , Oxford University Press.

FAURE, Andrew Murray (1994), "Some Methodological Problems in Comparative Politics", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6, 3, 307-322.

FEAGIN, J. R., ORUM, A., and SJÖBERG, G. (eds) (1991), A Case for the Case Study, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.

FOWERAKER, J. and LANDMAN, Todd (1997), Citizenship Rights and Social Movements: a Comparative and Statistical Enquiry, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

FRESON, Isabelle (1998), Le financement de quatre partis politiques francophones à partir de 1989. Mémoire présenté en vue de l'obtention du titre de licenciée en sciences politiques,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

FROGNIER, André-Paul (1994), "Logique(s?) de la politique comparée", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 1, 1, 61-90.

---------- (2002), "Postface", in DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît, L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA). Approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines , Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-Bruylant, pp. 145-146.

FROGNIER, André-Paul (2004), "Quelques questions épistémologiques et pratiques du point de vue du comparatiste", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 136-138.

---------- (2004), "Remarques introductives sur la méthodologie du comparatisme", in THIRIOT, Céline, MARTY, Marianne, and NADAL, Emmanuel (Eds), Penser la politique comparée. Un état des savoirs théoriques et méthodologiques, Paris, Edtions Karthala, pp. 163-166p.

GAZIBO, Mamoudou and JENSON, Jane (2004), La politique comparée: fondements, enjeux et approches théoriques, Québec, Canada, Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal.

GEDDES, Barbara (1990), "How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answers You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics", in STIMSON, James A. (ed), Political Analysis, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, pp. 131-150.

---------- (2003), Paradigms and Sand Castles. Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.

GERRING, John (2004), "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?", American Political Science Review, 98, 2, 341-354.

GIRAUD, Olivier (2001 (forthcoming)), "Le comparatisme contemporain en science politique : entrée en dialogue des écoles et renouvellement des questions", in LALLEMENT, Michel and SPURK, Jan (eds), Stratégies de la comparaison internationale, Paris, =Editions du CNRS, p. ??
Abstract: Les politologues ont pour tradition de célébrer la comparaison pour son oeuvre de fondation de leur discipline. Un survol de publications récentes montre cependant à quel point, la science politique est aujourd'hui critique vis-à-vis de sa méthode fétiche. Les politologues critiquent inlassablement et parfois amèrement mise en application et résultats du comparatisme (Apter, 1996; Frognier, 1994; Hassenteufel, 2000; Smith, 2000), proclament cent fois la nécessité d'innover radicalement (Levi, 2000; Ragin, 1996), ou au contraire, de retrouver la sagesse et la force de mettre en oeuvre les règles et les méthodes traditionnelles et fondatrices de la discipline (Sartori, 1994). (...) .

GIUGNI, Marco and PASSY, Florence (1998), "Social Movements and Policy Change: Direct, Mediated, or Joint Effect?", Working Paper. American Sociological Association's Section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements., 1, 5,
Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the relation between social movements, public opinion, and political alliances with respect to the impact of movements on public policy. We first discuss the existing literature and sketch three broad models of the role of public opinion and political alliances (or the absence of such role) in facilitating the task of social movements in producing policy change: the direct-effect model, the mediated-effect model, and the joint-effect model. We test empirically each of this three explanations by means of time-series anlayses of the mobilization of ecology, antinuclear, and peace movements in the United States between 1975 and 1995. The results show, first, that the three movements did not have a substantial impact on public policy, confirming that the direct-effect model has little explanatory power. Second, the mediated-effect model, too, is not supported by the empirical evidence, both in its public opinion and political alliances variants. Third, the joint-effect model is that which fits our data the best.

GLADSTONE, Jack A (2003), "Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Evolutions", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 41-90.

GOERTZ, Gary (2006), Social Science Concepts: a User's Guide, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

---------- (2007), Social Science Concepts: a User's Guide. Exercises (Version 3.0, August 1, 2007), Tucson, University of Arizona.

GOERTZ, Gary and MAHONEY, James (2003), "Two-Level Theories and Fuzzy Logic", COMPASSS Working Paper, 6, 32p.
Abstract: Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another. Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article, we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological, or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. We illustrate this by doing an empirical, fuzzy-set of Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions. However, as the Skocpol example shows, fuzzy-set methods are not effective if the investigator fails to be clear about the two-level structure of these theories from the onset.

---------- (2004), "Two-Level Theories and Fuzzy Sets", COMPASSS Working Paper, 19, 30p.
Abstract: Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another. Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article, we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological, or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. However, to realize this potential, investigators using fuzzy-set methods must be clear about the two-level structure of their theories from the onset. We illustrate these points through an empirical, fuzzy-set test of Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions.

GOLDTHORPE, John H. (1997), "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology: a Debate on Methodological Issues", Comparative Social Research, 16, 1-26.

GOODIN, Robert E. and KLINGEMANN, Hans-Dieter (eds) (1996), A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

GOODWIN, Jeff (2001), "Between Success and Failure: Persistent Insurgencies [Chapter 7]", in GOODWIN, Jeff, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 217-255.

GOODWIN, Jeff (2001), No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

GORDIN, Jorge (2001), "The Electoral Fate of Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe: a Boolean Test of Extant Explanations", Scandinavian Political Studies, 24, 2, 149-170.

GOULD, Andrew (1999), "Conflicting Imperatives and Concept Formation", Review of Politics, 61, 3, 439-463.
Abstract: "Conflicting imperatives" lie at the heart of many important social science concepts. This label was introduced by Reinhard Bendix to characterize concepts that entail a dynamic tension among contradictory goals, priorities, or motivations. Notwithstanding the attention scholars give to conflicting imperatives, the importance to social science research of concepts based on conflicting imperatives has not adequately been recognized and the issues of concept formation that arise with these concepts have not been explored. This article seeks to address these shortcomings and to give the consideration of conflicting imperatives a more central place in conceptual and methodological discussions.

GOULD, Roger V (2003), "Uses of Network Tools in Comparative Historical Research", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 241-269.

GRAN, Brian (forthcoming), "Beyond Analytic Induction: Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Complexity and Generality in Social Research", Sociological Quarterly,

GRASSI, Davide (4.14.2000/4.16.2000), "Democratic Consolidation in Contemporary Political Regimes : the Case of Latin America", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Copenhagen,

GREENBERG, Greg, MOUNT, Jeanine, and BRANDON, William (11.12.2000/11.16.2000), "Protecting Medicaid Mental Health Safety-Net Providers: Analysis of 29 States' Contracting Practices", paper presented at : 128th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA), Boston,
Abstract: Concern about the viability of mental health "safety-net" providers has led many states to include protections for them in state Medicaid contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs). Most commonly states include contract provisions that encourage MCOs to include safety-net providers in their networks, thus protecting them from much of the competition associated with managed care. We used qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to examine the role of four aspects of state's public health care delivery systems in influencing whether Medicaid-MCO contracts had these provisions. QCA is based on the logic and techniques of Boolean algebra and allows one to identify the multiple and conjunctural causes of an event as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions for an event to occur. QCA is particularly helpful for examining situations with complex patterns of interactions among the specified conditions. Using QCA we examined (1) stakeholders' roles (consumers and providers participation in the design and monitoring of state health systems); (2) state political climate and public attitudes about government provision of health services; (3) insulation of mental health services from non-mental healthcare (measured by carve-out status and existence of an independent implementing mental health agency); (4) bargaining strength of MCOs vis-a-vie state Medicaid agencies. The last was investigated by examining such factors as the state's need for greater numbers of MCOs and what the state could provide MCOs in terms of market size and reimbursement. This analysis used multiple sources to obtain data for twenty-nine states.

GRIFFIN, Larry J., BOTSKO, Christopher, WAHL, Ana-Maria, and ISAAC, Larry W. (1991), "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity: Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Growth and Decline", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 110-136.

GROFMAN, Bernard (ed.) (2001), Political Science As Puzzle Solving, Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press.

GUAN, Yuqiang (??), How Women Won the Vote: The Political Successes of the State Suffrage Movements, 1866-1920 (unpublished manuscript). ((research project) abstract at : http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/SBE/SES.SBE.a9631520.txt)
Abstract: This is a study of the conditions under which a social movement is able to overcome powerful opposition to bring about significant political change. It will examine the state-level women's suffrage movements in the decades before and after the turn of the century to understand the circumstances in which movements are successful. In 1869 Wyoming was the first state (then a territory) to grant women suffrage. By 1920 when the l9th amendment was ratified, 33 states had enacted laws giving women one or more forms of partial suffrage, such as the right to vote in presidential or municipal elections, and 15 states (some of which had already enacted partial suffrage) had granted women full suffrage. The primary goal in studying the state suffrage movements is to develop and empirically test a theoretical model of social movement success. Rarely have researchers examined the conditions that lead to movement success defined in terms of political outcomes (as opposed to mobilization or cultural outcomes). For the state suffrage campaigns, political success was the expansion of the vote to women. The theoretical framework combines theories of movement mobilization with theories of the state, hypothesizing that the ability of the suffragists to bring about political change was shaped both by the movements' abilities to mobilize resources and by the social structural opportunities they confronted. Resource mobilization theory suggests that movement success stems from the ability of movement participants to mobilize key resources, including organizations and types of ideologies and strategies. The political process model of movement mobilization suggests that political opportunity structures influence movement effectiveness. Researchers, however, have typically interpreted political opportunity structures to encompass only the effect of actual political structures and processes (e.g., the openness of the polity or electoral instability) on the decisions of state actors to grant the demands of move ments. This research draws from various strands of theories of the state to expand the notion of opportunity structures, theorizing that gendered, economic, and racial opportunity structures also importantly influence the ability of movements to bring about political change. It combines social movement theory and theories of the state to explain social movement success. This study employs quantitative methods to test the empirical validity of the theoretical model. Event history analysis permits comparison of the state movements and the state contexts in which they operated to explain why some movements failed and others succeeded. Other methods, such as qualitative comparative analysis and recursive regressions, will also be employed to explore the complexities and robustness of the results. The state movements exhibit theoretically important variation (e.g., in terms of organization, strategies, and ideologies), and the contexts in which they operated also vary (e.g., concerning party politics and cultural and economic opposition), thus offering the opportunity for comparative analysis of multiple movements working toward the same general goal, women's suffrage. This historical study will contribute to our understanding of the development of American democracy, and thus will be of value to teachers and students, especially to those who are interested in women's history. However, the scientific results will have much broader value, improving formal models of the success and failure of political movements in general, including modern ones.

GUNTHER, Richard, MONTERO, José Ramón, and LINZ, Juan J. (eds) (2002), Political Parties. Old Concepts and New Challenges, Comparative Politics, New York, Oxford University Press.

HAGFORS, Robert and KANGAS, Olli (9.9.2004/9.11.2004), "Neural Computation As a Clustering Method for Comparative Welfare State Research", paper presented at : ESPAnet 2004 Conference, Comparative Methodology Stream, St. Antony's College, Oxford,

HAGUE, Rod and HARROP, Martin (2001), Comparative Government and Politics. An Introduction, 5th ed., Houndmills, Palgrave. (Table of contents at : http://www.palgrave.com/politics/hague)

HAGUE, Rod, HARROP, Martin, and BRESLIN, Shaun (1992), Comparative Government and Politics. An Introduction, 3rd ed., Houndmills, MacMillan.

HAGUE, Rod, HARROP, Martin, and BRESLIN, Shaun (1998), Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction , Basingstoke, Macmillan.

HALL, C. (1998), "Institutional Solutions for Governing the Global Commons: Design Factors and Effectiveness", Journal of Environment and Development, 7, 2, 86-114.

HALL, Peter A (2003), "Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 373-405.

HANTRAIS, linda (2005), "Vers la mixité méthodologique en comparaisons internationales", in BARBIER, Jean-Calude and LETABLIER, Marie-thérèse (eds), Politiques Sociales. Enjeux Méthodologiques Et Épistémologiques Des Comparaisons Internationales, Bruxelles, P.I.E.-Peter Lang, pp. 271-289.

HARKREADER, Steve and IMERSHEIN, Allen-W (1999), "The Conditions for State Action in Florida's Health-Care Market", Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 2, 159-174.
Abstract: Despite lack of confidence in government agencies to operate a nationalized health-care system in the United States, government agencies have significantly influenced the distribution and financing of health-care services in the market. Using the State of Florida as a case study, we examine the conditions under which a state health-care agency can consistently influence health-care market arrangements. We examined records from Florida's legislative sessions between 1965 and 1993 focusing on 27 legislative initiatives to involve the state's health-care agencies in the health-care services market. Using Boolean qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we examined th conditions that facilitated or inhibited legislative policy initiatives for state action in Florida's health-care services market. The cohesiveness of state administrative agency and legislative leadership is of primary importance. Fragmented interests among health-care providers and fiscally legitimate policy positions, Whether those of state agencies or health-care providers, are important enabling factors for state action.

HARPER, Douglas (1992), "Small N's and Community Case Studies", in RAGIN, Charles C and BECKER, Howard S. (eds.), What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, New-York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 139-158.

HASSENTEUFEL, Patrick (2000), "Deux ou Trois Choses que Je Sais d'Elle. Remarques a Propos d'Expériences de Comparaisons Européennes", in BACHIR, Myriam, DUCHESNE, Sophie, BUSSAT, Virginie, SCHWEYER, François-Xavier, GENIEYS, William, HASSENTEUFEL, Patrick, VLASSOPOULOU, Chloé Anne, SAWICKI, Frédéric, MERCIER ARNAUD, LOISELLE, Marc, WAHNICH, Sophie, SMITH, Andy, CHATY, Lionel, CHAUVIÈRE, Michel, DURIEZ, Bruno, and JOANA, Jean, Les Méthodes au Concret - Démarches, Formes de l'Expérience et Terrains d'Investigations en Science Politique, Paris (?), PUF, pp. 105-124.

HAVERLAND, Markus and PRINCEN, S. B. M. (1998), "Causaliteit in meervoudige case-studies [Causality in multiple case-studies]", Sociale Wetenschappen, 4, 4, 24-41.
Abstract: Multiple case studies are frequently used to test causal claims. Because of the small number of cases involved, however, causal inference from these studies is problematic. In this article, these problems are discussed in the context of studies of the determinants of environmental policy. Starting from six crucial assumptions underlying causal inference from small-N studies, it is shown that some of these assumptions can be weakened by the systematic use of theory in the selection of cases and by process tracing. Also, Charles Ragin's method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis is examined to see to what extent it escapes the limitations of traditional small-N studies. Although a number of limitations can be overcome by (a combination of) these methods, causal inference from small-N studies remains especially vulnerable to the quality of the theory that is used and the way the variables are measured.

HAY, Peter R. and HAWARD, M. G. (1988), "Comparative Green Politics : Beyond the European Context?", Political Studies, 36, 433-448.

HAYDU, Jeffrey (1999), "Making Use of the Past: Time Periods As Cases to Compare and As Sequences of Problem Solving", Annual Journal of Sociology, 104, 339-371.

HAYES, Graeme (6-8 september 2001), "Structuring Political Opportunities: a Policy Network Approach", paper presented at : ECPR 2001 General Conference, Canterbury,
Abstract: The political opportunity model is a highly useful comparative indicator of the trajectories of similar protest movements in different states. Yet the model appears less able to explain differences in the mobilisation of protest on different issues within the same state, neglecting the importance of sectoral analysis to the success chances of protest action. Indeed, this paper will argue that political protest opportunities need to be understood within a more differentiated sectoral approach to the policy process, stressing the relationship between the state and the policy actors grouped within policy networks. Explanations of the decisional process provided by the policy community and political opportunity structure models are derived from contrasting approaches: whilst the former typically privileges interactions with policy 'insiders', the latter focuses on 'outsider' groups such as new social movements. Yet the opportunity structure literature emphasises the possibility of procedural success, as protest groups can gain access to policymaking forums, whether ad hoc or permanent. Such institutionalisation, in fact, is one of the key developments in environmental movement mobilisation in western polities over the last two decades. Indeed, although institutionalisation is frequently held to imply a moderation of goals and loss of movement characteristics, analyses of social protest need to be able to account for the ability of protest groups to integrate policy networks and modify the institutional terrain for future movement mobilisation. Drwaing on recent environmental mobilisation in France, commonly held to be the most closed of western European polities, this paper will argue that a sector and network approach is central to the understanding of social protest outcomes.

HECKSCHER, Gunnar (1968), "General Methodological Problems", in ECKSTEIN, Harry and APTER, David E. (eds), Comparative Politics : a Reader, New York, The Free Press, pp. 35-42.

HEIKKILA, Tanya (2003), "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management: a Comparative Analysis of Water Management Programs in California", Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23, 1, 97-117.
Abstract: Policymakers and academics often identify institutional boundaries as one of the factors that shape the capacity of jurisdictions to manage natural resources such as water, forests, and scenic lands. This article examines two key bodies of literature - common-pool resource management theory and local public economy theory - to explain how the boundaries of political jurisdictions affect natural resource management. Two empirical methods were used to test hypotheses from the literature, using a study of water management programs in California. The results demonstrate that institutional boundaries that coincide with natural resources are likely to be associated with the implementation of more effective resource management programs. At the same time, where jurisdictions can control through coordination, they can also facilitate more effective resource management where jurisdictions do not match resource boundaries. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

HEIKKILA, Tanya and ISETT, Kimberley (11.2.2000/11.4.2000), "Groundwater Governance and Conjunctive Water Management in California: an Institutional Analysis", paper presented at : National Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, Seattle,

HELLSTRÖM, Eeva (1996), "Environmental Forestry Conflicts, Forest Policies and the Use of Forest Resources - Recent Developments in USA, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland and Norway", European Forest Institute Working Paper (Joensuu, Finland), 7, 1-72.

---------- (1998), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A Useful Tool for Research into Forest Policy and Forestry Conflicts", Forest Science, 44, 2, 254-265.

HELLSTRÖM, Eeva and RANTALA, Kati (8.2000), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Opening New Paths for Social Research in Forestry", paper presented at : 21st IUFRO World Congress, Technical Session "Interface Between Forest Science and Policy Making", Kuala Lumpur,

HELLSTRÖM, Eeva (2001), Conflict Cultures. Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Environmental Conflicts in Forestry, Silva Fennica Monographs, 2, Helsinki, The Finnish Society of Forest Science / The Finnish Forest Research Institute. (online at : http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/sfmono.htm or http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/maa/talou/vk/hellstrom/)
Abstract: This research compares environmental conflicts in forestry in seven cases during 1984-1995. The cases include Finland, France, Minnesota USA, Norway, Pacific Northwest USA, Sweden and West Germany. The research is based on the notion that each society has its own ‘cultural’ ways of producing and managing environmental conflicts in forestry, depending on the social, political, economic, and resource characteristics of the society. The purpose of the study is to describe these conflict cultures, to identify and analyse the societal aspects that impact them, and to discuss the implications of understanding conflicts as cultural phenomena. The research is based on focused interviews of multiple actors related to forest management and protection. For the data analysis, a ‘hermeneutic’ (interpretative and understanding) approach is introduced to Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the use of which has been dominated by causal applications. As a result of the analysis, models of conflict cultures and conflict management strategies are constructed. The model of conflict cultures indicates three basic dimensions of conflict culture, and defines how they are related to each other. These dimensions are mild vs. intense conflicts, separatist vs. co-operative relations between actors and stability vs. change in forest resource policy and use. The model of conflict management strategies indicates to what extent the different cases place emphasis on interactive vs. institutional conflict management, and the management of conflicting (sub)cultures within the society vs. the conflict culture of the society.

HENKE, Roger (1998), "Vergelijkende methoden vergeleken [Comparative methods compared]", Sociale Wetenschappen, 4, 4, 8-23.
Abstract: The literature on the methodology of comparative research is extensive. Major perspectives are focussed on 1. Definitions: which research should be called comparative? 2. Typologies: what comparative research strategies can be identified? 3. Techniques: what are the conditions for the proper use of a particular strategy? This article does not try to summarize, let alone synthesize this body of literature but opts for a different approach. It is argued that a simple cross table of the unit of analysis, the properties of that unit and the research question at hand can be used as a frame for analyzing (comparative) methods of analysis. The author is tributary to Charles Ragin and Howard Becker for the ideas presented.

HERALA, Nina (2004), Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in Comparative Law. Comparison of the Legal Regulation of Sustainable Development in Physical Planning in Denmark and Finland, Vaasa, Finland, Vaasan Yliopisto.

HICKS, Alexander M. (1994), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Analytical Induction: the Case of the Emergence of the Social Security State", Sociological Methods and Research, 23, 1, 86-113 .

HICKS, Alexander M., MISRA, Joy, and TANG, Nah Ng (1995), "The Programmatic Emergence of the Social Security State", American Sociological Review, 60, 3, 329-350.

HOLGER, Meyer (5.2000), Dipomartbeit "Do parties matter?"- Ressortausstattung und Performanzbilanzierung des Nds. Umweltministeriums im Zeitraum von 1986 bis 1999., (unpublished), Universität Lüneburg (unpublished).

HOLT, Robert T and TURNER, John E. (1970), "The Methodology of Comparative Research", in HOLT, Robert T and TURNER, John E. (eds), The Methodology of Comparative Research, New York, The Free Press, pp. 1-20.

HUBER, Evelyne, RAGIN, Charles C., and STEPHENS, John D. (1993), "Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure, and the Welfare State", American Journal of Sociology, 99, 3, 711-749.

IDIART, Alma (1998), "Stable Democracies in Latin America? Advancing Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens's Analysis for the Latin American Cases ", paper presented at : Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting, ??,
Abstract: This paper attempts to further Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens's (1992) comparative historical analysis of democratization and theory building for their Latin American cases by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as a technique for the implementation of analytical induction (Hicks 1994). For early waves of democratization two paths are identified. One is defined by (moderate) non-mining export sectors aided by clientelistic parties. The other is constituted by the same sectoral configuration aided by elite contestation. For latter waves, three alternative configurations are defined. For all these three configurations, given the presence of political parties during the second democratic period the combination of two of the following three factors allows for second wave stable democracies: 1) the absence of industrialization preceding democratization processes; 2) the presence of strong mechanisms of elite contestation (under the form of electoral contestation); and 3) the antecedent of previously stable democracies.

ISHIDA, Atsushi, YONETANI, Miya, and KOSAKA, Kenji (2006), "Determinants of Linguistic Human Rights Movements: an Analysis of Multiple Causation of LHRs Movements Using a Boolean Approach", Social Forces, 84 , 4, 1937-1955.
Abstract: We examine the social background of movements for linguistic human rights by way of QCA analysis. Linguistic human rights have been a focus of interests widely among scholars, but no sustained effort was done to see determinants of the social background of movements for the rights. We chose candidate factors such as diversity of languages within a country, literacy rate, population size, national income as an index of affluence, and existence of constitution supporting the rights to explain the occurrence of social movements. We collected and created data in proper form for 157 countries in the world, which was subject to QCA analysis. Our conclusion is that the economic affluence and perhaps the educational level play greater roles for linguistic minority people to assert their human rights. An explicit formula will be shown and discussed in the main text.

JAHN, Detlef (1993), New Politics in Trade Unions : Applying Organization Theory to the Ecological Discourse on Nuclear Energy in Sweden and Germany, Aldershot, Dartmouth Publ.

JANDA, Kenneth (1968), "Retrieving Information for a Comparative Study of Political Parties", in CROTTY, William J. (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Party Organization, Boston, Allyn & Bacon, pp. 159-216.

---------- (1970), A Conceptual Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Political Parties, Comparative Politics Series, Beverly Hills, Sage Publications.

---------- (1983), "Cross-National Measures of Party Organization and Organizational Theory", European Journal of Political Research, 11, 3, 319-332.

---------- (1993), "Comparative Political Parties : Research and Theory", in FINIFTER, Ada W. (ed.), Political Science : the State of the Discipline (II), Washington, American Political Science Association, pp. 163-191.

JÄNICKE, Martin and JÖRGENS, Helge (1998), "National Environmental Policy Planning in OECD Countries: Preliminary Lessons From Cross-National Comparisons", Environmental Politics, 7, 2, 27-54.
Abstract: While the first part of the article focuses on the possible advantages of strategic and integative planning in environmental policy, the second part looks at existing national planning approaches in OECD countries, underlining important differences and similarities, and attempting a preliminary evaluation of three national environmental policy plans. On this empirical basis the article represents an attempt to systematise existing approaches and to draft model stages in environmental planning.

JANOSKI, Thomas (1991), "Synthetic Strategies in Comparative Sociological Research : Methods and Problems of Internal and External Analysis", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 59-81.

JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds) (1994), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

JOHNSON, Linda S. (1999), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: Applications to City/County Consolidation", paper presented at : Southern Political Science Meeting, Savannah,

JOHNSON, Linda S. and FEIOCK, Richard C. (2001 ??), "City-County Consolidation : a Qualitative Comparative Approach". (available at : http://www.fsu.edu/~spap/archive/m29.pdf)

JOYE, Bernard (1984), Le parti Ecolo. Travail de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licencié en Relations internationales et administration publique, orientation Administration Publique,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Affaires Publiques et Internationales (unpublished).

JUCQUOIS, Guy (1991), "Notes Comparatives (1-6)", in JUCQUOIS, Guy and SWIGGERS, Pierre (eds), Le Comparatisme Devant le Miroir, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, pp. 19-38.

---------- (1994), "Notes Comparatives (7-14)", in VIELLE, Christophe, SWIGGERS, Pierre, and JUCQUOIS, Guy (eds), Comparatisme, Mythologies, Langages, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, pp. 427-454.

JUCQUOIS, Guy (1995), "Histoire des idées. Comparatismes et diversité culturelles", Universalia 1995, Paris, Encyclopedia Universalis, pp. 380-382.

JUCQUOIS, Guy (1998), "Les Origines du comparatisme contemporain", Recherches Sociologiques, 3, 3-21.

---------- (2000), "Le Comparatisme, Éléments pour une Théorie", in JUCQUOIS, Guy and VIELLE, Christophe (eds), Le Comparatisme dans les Sciences de l'Homme, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université, pp. 17-46.

JUCQUOIS, Guy and SWIGGERS, Pierre (1991), "Comparatisme: contours d'une visée", in JUCQUOIS, Guy and SWIGGERS, Pierre (eds), Le Comparatisme Devant le Miroir, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, pp. 13-18.

---------- (1991), ""Comparatisme": une Présentation", in JUCQUOIS, Guy and SWIGGERS, Pierre (eds), Le Comparatisme Devant le Miroir, Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, pp. 7-9.

JUCQUOIS, Guy and VIELLE, Christophe (1997), "Illusions, Limites et Perpectives du Comparatisme Indo-Européen. Pour en finir avec le mythe scientifique des proto-langues/-peuples", Festschrift for Eric P. Hamp. Volume 1. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Monograph number 23, 162-184.

---------- (eds) (2000), Le Comparatisme dans les Sciences de l'Homme. Approches Pluridisciplinaires, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université

KACOWICZ, Arie M. (2004), "Case Study Methods in International Security Studies", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 107-125.

KAMRAVA, Mehran (1996), Understanding Comparative Politics. A Framework for Analysis, London, Routledge.

KANGAS, Ollie (1991), The Politics of Social Rights : Studies on the Dimensions of Sickness Insurance in 18 OECD Countries, Stockholm, Swedish Institute for Social Research.

---------- (1994), "The Politics of Social Security : on Regressions, Qualitative Comparisons, and Cluster Analysis", in JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 346-364.

KANOMATA, Nobuo (2001), "Yogen no Jikozyouzyu Moderu [A model of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy]", in KANOMATA, Nobuo, NOMIYA, Daishiro, and HASEGAWA, Keiji (eds), Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis], Kyoto, Mineruva Syobo,

KATZ, Richard S. and MAIR, Peter (1990), "The Official Story : a Framework for the Comparative Study of Party Organization and Organizational Change", paper presented at : Annual Meeting of the APSA, San Francisco,

---------- (1992), "The Cross-National Study of Party Organizations", in KATZ, Richard S. and MAIR, Peter (eds), Party Organizations. A Data Handbook, Beverly Hills & London, Sage Publications, pp. 1-20.

KATZ, Richard S. and MAIR, Peter (2002), "The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organizational Change in Twentieth-Century Democracies", in GUNTHER, Richard, MONTERO, José Ramón, and LINZ, Juan J. (eds.), Political Parties. Old Concepts and New Challenges, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 113-165.

KATZNELSON, Ira (2003), "Periodization and Preferences: Reflections on Purposive Action In Comparative Historical Social Science ", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 270-303.

KEMAN, Hans (ed.) (2002), Comparative Democratic Politics. A Guide to Contemporary Theory and Research, London, Sage Publications.

KENTWORTHY, Lane and HICKS, Alexander (eds) (2008), Method and Substance in Macrocomparative Analysis, New Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.

KING, Gary, KEOHANE, Robert O., and VERBA, Sidney (2004), "The Importance of Research Design", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 181-192.

KITSCHELT, Herbert (2003), Party Competition in LAtin America and Post-Communist Eastern Europe. Divergence of Patterns, Similarity of Explanatory Variables (unpublished manuscript).

KITTEL, Bernhard (1997), "Causes of Bargaining Trends in Industrial Relations: the Impact of Structural, Cyclical, and Political Factors in a Comparative Perspective", in KROPIVNIC, Samo, LUKSIC, Igor, and ZAJC, Drago (eds), Conflicts and Consensus. Pluralism and Neocorporatism in New and Old Democracies at the Region, Ljubljana, Slovenian Political Science Association, pp. 225-252.

Kittel, Bernhard, Herbert Obinger, and Uwe Wagschal, "Determinanten der Konsolidierung und Expansion des Wohlfahrtsstaates im internationalen Vergleich." (2000): 34 pp. 2000.

KLANDERMANS, Bert and STAGGENBORG, Suzanne (eds) (2002), Methods of Social Movements Research, Social Movements, Protest, and Contention Series, 16University of Minnesota Press.
Abstract: Citing the critical importance of empirical work to social movement research, the editors of this volume have put together the first systematic overview of the major methods used by social movement theorists. Original chapters cover the range of techniques: surveys, formal models, discourse analysis, in-depth interviews, participant observation, case studies, network analysis, historical methods, protest event analysis, macro-organizational analysis, and comparative politics. Each chapter includes a methodological discussion, examples of studies employing the method, an examination of its strengths and weaknesses, and practical guidelines for its application.

KLINGMAN, David (1980), "Temporal and Spatial Diffusion in Comparative Analysis of Social Change", American Political Science Review, 74, 1-2, 123-137.

KNOEPFEL, Peter, LARRUE, Corinne, and VARONE, Frédéric (2001), Analyse Et Pilotage Des Politiques Publiques, Basel, Helbing & Lichtenhahn.

KOGUT, Bruce (12.2000), "The Transatlantic Exchange of Ideas and Practices: National Institutions and Diffusion", Les Notes de l'IFRI, 26, 3, 7-46. (online at : http://jonescenter.wharton.upenn.edu/papers/2000/wp00-13.pdf)

KOLB, Felix (2000), "Social Movements and Policy Outcomes.Theory Building in Comparative Perspective", Working Papers Reihe "Soziale Bewegung und politischer Konflikt", 3/2000, 1-133. (online at: http://www.bewegungswerkstatt.org/pdf/policy.pdf)

KOSAKA, Kenji (1991), "Hikakubunsekiho No Formalisation. C. Ragin No Teigon Wo Megutte. [The Formalisation of the Comparative Method. On C. Ragin's Suggestion.]", in KOBAYASHI, Junichi (ed), Shakaigaku Ni Okeru Riron to Gainen No Formalisation. [The Formalisation of Concepts and Theories in Sociology.]pp. 99-115.

KOSAKA, Kenji (7.4.2002), "Tasks of Sociologists in Asia Pacific Societies", paper presented at : 5th Conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Association (APSA), Brisbane, Australia,
Abstract: The paper was read as the Presidential Address at the fifth conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Association held in Brisbane, Australia, July 4-7, 2002. The title of the conference itself was “Asia Pacific Societies: Contrasts, Challenges and Crises.” The paper classifies sociological studies into four types by cross-tabulating the two dimensions of research strategy (generalizing versus historical) and purposes of comparisons (between nations versus within nations). I stressed the importance of types of studies with a generalizing strategy, which is least developed in Asia Pacific societies, by illustrating my own preliminary efforts to use Boolean algebra in my study of homeless people who are increasing in contemporary Japan.

KRIESI, Hanspeter (1994), Les démocraties occidentales. Une approche comparée, Politique Comparée, Paris, Economica.

---------- (1994), "Les principes de la méthode comparée", in KRIESI, Hanspeter, Les démocraties occidentales. Une approche comparée, Paris, Economica, pp. 27-45.

Krouwel, André, "Lecture 1. What Is Comparative Political Science?" (2001): 10p. 2001.

________, "Lecture 2. Development and Controversy in Comparative Politics. " (2001): 13p. 2001.

________, "Lecture 2b. Problems of Comparison: Units of Analysis, Measurement and Bias." (2001): 11p. 2001.

________, "Theories and Approaches to Politics: Institutionalism, Functionalism and Behaviouralism." (2001): 27p. 2001.

KVIST, Jon (1999), "Welfare Reform in the Nordic Countries in the 1990s: Using Fuzzy-Set Theory to Assess Conformity to Ideal-Types", Journal of European Social Policy, 9, 3, 231-252. (Reprint can be downloaded from www.sfi.dk)

KVIST, Jon (2000), "Idealtyper og fuzzy mængdelære i komparative studier - nordisk familiepolitik i 1990erne som eksempel ", Dansk Sociologi, 11, 3, 71-94. (Reprint can be downloaded from www.sfi.dk)
Abstract: Ideal types and fuzzy sets in comparative studies – Exemplified by Nordic family policy in the 1990s Fuzzy set theory is a new approach in social science. It allows precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, configuration of concepts in analytical constructs such as ideal types, and the categorisation of cases in relation to such concepts and analytical constructs. The method is particular well-suited for studies with a medium number of cases that aims to explore diversity, that is the simultaneous study of similarities and differences of a qualitative and quantitative nature. The paper sets out main elements of fuzzy set theory and demonstrates its potential use in an analysis of the recent developments in family policy in the Nordic countries. In relation to an ideal typical Social Democratic family policy model, the type and scope of numerous policy changes are assessed. All countries expand the degree of universality in childcare, and Norway, the most traditional of the Nordic countries, gets in line with the other Nordic countries, whereas benefit generosity Sweden is significantly reduced. Thus, despite differences in the type and scope of change all the Nordic countries can still be said to belong to an ideal typical Social Democratic family policy model, although to a different extent that at the onset of the 1990s. The method has a number of advantages in studies with a medium number of cases where the variable-oriented approach suffer from the Small N problem and an inability in such studies to distinguish between the case-oriented approach from too big a much as in many comparative studies, in particular studies that seek to explore diversity.

KVIST, Jon (2002 (forthcoming)), "Changing Rights and Obligations in Unemployment Compensation: Using Fuzzy Set Theory to Explore Policy Diversity", in SIGG, Roland and BEHRENDT, Christina (eds), Social Security in the Global Village, New Brunswick, Transaction publishers. (Previous version (working paper) can be downloaded from www.sfi.dk)

KVIST, Jon (2003), "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Categorisation. Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research", COMPASSS Working Papers, 15, 29p.
Abstract: Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the 1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity to predefined ideal typical models.

---------- (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Classification Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Social Research", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner which is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy set theory which are useful for ideal type analysis and presents an illustrative example of how it can be used in comparative studies. The example concerns changing welfare policies and employment performance during the 1990s in a number of Northern European countries and relates to their conformity to predefined ideal typical work-welfare models.

LANCASTER, Thomas D. and MONTINOLA, Gabriella R. (4.6.2001/4.11.2001), "Comparative Political Corruption: Issues of Operationalization and Measurement", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on "Corruption, Scandal and the Contestation of Governance in Europe", Grenoble,

LANDMAN, Todd (1999), "Organization and Impact: The Green Movement in Comparative Perspective", paper presented at : 1999 ECPR Joint Session, Mannheim, Germany,

---------- (2000), Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. An Introduction, London, Routledge.

---------- (11.1.2000), "Comparative Politics and Human Rights", Human Rights Working Papers, 10, 1-43. (online at : http://www.du.edu/humanrights/workingpapers/papers/10-landman-11-00.pdf)

---------- (12.1.2000), "Comparative Politics and Human Rights", paper presented at : Conference on Law and Anthropology, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Wolfson College, Oxford. (online at : http://www.du.edu/humanrights/workingpapers/papers/10-landman-11-00.pdf)

LANDMAN, Todd (ed.) (2003), Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. An Introduction, 2nd ed., London, Routledge.

LANDWEHRLEN, Thomas (2009), "Les partis de défense paysanne dans les pays de l’Europe germanique. Étude politologique historique et comparative", Working Papers, 276, 3-75.

LANE, Jan-Erik and ERSSON, Svante (1994), Comparative Politics. An Introduction and New Approach, Cambridge, Polity Press.

---------- (1999), Comparative Politics., London, Sage.

LANE, Jan-Erik and ERSSON, Svante (eds.) (2003), Democracy. A Comparative Approach, New York, Routledge.

LANE, Jan-Erik and SVANTE ERSSON (2000.), The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes., London, Routledge.

LAUMANN, Edward O., KNOKE, David, and KIM, Yong-Hak (1985), "An Organizational Approach to State Policy Formation: a Comparative Study of Energy and Health Domains", American Sociological Review, 50, 1-19.
Abstract: We specify a causal model of factors affecting organizational participation in State policy domains. Issue interests, monitoring resources, and influence reputations are antecedent variables that affect locations in communication and resource exchage networks. These five variables jointly affect the range of core organizations' efforts to influence the outcomes of policy events. Data from the energy and the health domains in the 1970s are analyzed with the LISREL program and parameter coefficients are compared accross the two domains. Material resource endowments have no direct impact, but issue interest are strongly related to the institutional range of policy events in which organizations are active. In the turbulent and uncertain energy domain, no other structural factors are important, but in the placid and institutionalized health domain, advantageous locations in both the routine communication and resource exchange networks contribute to greater participation in policy events. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the social organization of State policymaking systems.

LAWSON, Kay (1976), The Comparative Study of Political Parties, New York, St Martin's Press.

---------- (1980), "The Comparative Study of Political Parties", in LAWSON, Kay (ed.), Political Parties and Linkage : a Comparative Perspective, New Haven, Yale University Press,

LEE, Yok-shiu F. and SO, Alvin Y. (eds) (1999), Asia's Environmental Movements. Comparative Perspectives,HSIAO, H.-H. M. et.al., New York and London, M.E. Sharpe.

LEFEBVRE, Marie Christine (1980), Les mouvements écologistes face à l'intégration européenne. Travail de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licenciée en Relations internationales et administration publique, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain (unpublished).

LEVI-FAUR, David (2003), "Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis", COMPASSS Working Paper, 16, 33p.
Abstract: The aim of this chapter is to explore the role of variations and similarities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The chapter identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinants of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and similarities in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches - through complex research designs - might prove a sounder and more effective method for the study of regulation.

---------- (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: The aims of this paper are to explore the role of variations and commonalities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in the context of medium-N comparative designs, especially those designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The paper identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinant of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and commonalties in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches through complex research designs might prove a more sound and effective method for the study of regulation.

---------- (9.25.2004/9.28.2004), "A Question of Size? On the Ontology of Kind and the Methodologies of Size in Social Science Research", paper presented at : ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation", Erfurt, Germany,

---------- (2006), "A Question of Size? A Heuristics for Stepwise Comparative Research Design", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (Eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York, Springer, pp. 43-66.

---------- (forthcoming), "Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis", in JACINT, Jordana and LEVI-FAUR DAVID (eds), The Politics of RegulationUniversity of Manchester,
Abstract: The aims of this paper are to explore the role of variations and commonalities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in the context of medium-N comparative designs, especially those designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The paper identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinant of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and commonalties in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches through complex research designs might prove a more sound and effective method for the study of regulation.

LEVI, Margaret (2001), Analytic Narratives and Other Systematic and Rigorous Ways to Do Case Study and Qualitative Comparative Research (Course Syllabus, University of Washington) (unpublished manuscript). (Online at : http://www.asu.edu/clas/polisci/cqrm/syllabi/Leviseminarsyllabus.htm)

LEYS, Colin (1959), "Models, Theories and the Theory of Political Parties", Political Studies, 7, 2, 127-146.

LICHBACH, Mark I. and ZUCKERMAN, Alan S. (eds) (1997), Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Structure., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

LIEBERSON, Stanley (1985), Making It Count : the Improvement of Social Research and Theory, Berkeley, University of California Press.

---------- (1991), "Small N's and Big Conclusions : an Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases", Social Forces, 70, 2, 307-320.

---------- (1994), "More on the Uneasy Case for Using Mill-Type Methods in Small N Comparative Studies", Social Forces, 72, 4, 1225-1237.

---------- (1998), "Causal Analysis and Comparative Research: What Can We Learn From Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases", in BLOSSFELD, Hans-Peter and PREIN, Gerald (eds), Rational Choice Theory and Large-Scale Data Analysis, Boulder, Westview, pp. 129-145.

LIJPHART, Arend (1968), "Typologies of Democratic Systems", Comparative Political Studies, 1, 1, 3-44.

LIJPHART, Arend (1971), "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method", American Political Science Review, 65, 3, 682-693.

LIJPHART, Arend (1975), "The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research", Comparative Political Studies, 8, 2, 158-177.

---------- (1999), Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries, New Haven and London, Yale University Press.

LIKHTENCHTEIN, Anna (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Comparing New Phenomena: Heuristic Potential of QCA. (Elite Driven Parties in Russia and Ukraine)", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: This paper explores Duma elections in Russia (1993-1999) and Rada elections in the Ukraine (1994-2000). A methodological intrigue lies in the fact Ukrainian ruling elites began to exploit the strategy of party building later then in Russia, and in spite of the fact that at one point countries' institutional variables became 'similar', the political role of party principle remained 'different'. The paper points the question - what are the factors, accounted for such a puzzle, and what kind of expectations can be proposed about party system development in the countries. To address this intriguing puzzle, this paper proposes a unique methodological solution to the problems described. In particular, the paper stresses the potential of comparative analysis for the investigation of new underdeveloped phenomena that often arise when dealing with transforming democracies.

LOBE, Bojana (2008), Integration of Online Research Methods , Ljubljana, Faculty of social sciences, University of Ljubljana.

LOCKE, Richard and THELEN, Kathleen (1998), "Problems of Equivalence in Comparative Politics : Apples and Oranges Again", APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics, 9, 1, 9-12. (Online at : http://www.shelley.polisci.ucla.edu/apsacp/APSA-CP_Winter_1998.pdf)

LOUVRIER, Alexandra (1999), Evolution de l'environnement socio-politique d'Ecolo et Agalev. Analyse comparative. Mémoire réalisé en vue de l'obtention du grade de licenciée en Science Politique, orientation Affaires Publiques,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

LUEVANO-MARTINEZ, Guillermo (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Brokers and Social Movements: An Analysis of the Role of Social Brokers in I Debtor’s Movement in Mexico", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: This paper examines the key role that brokers play in the organizational dynamics of the debtors’ movement in Mexico known as El Barzón. It looks at the ways in which organizational structures influence the position of brokers, as well as how their particular attributes are related to them being identified as significant brokers within the movement. Using network analysis across three different social movement organizations within the movement, the paper shows that brokers form an important link within horizontal and vertical organizational structures, but that differences in the structure itself shape both the formation and the role of the brokers. In that manner, this paper includes agency properties to hypothesise why some of the actors located in the structural position of brokerage are chosen as intermediaries (brokers) and not others, as well as the influence of structural properties on brokerage.

LUOMA, Pentti (2006), "Social Sustainability of Community Structures: a Systematic Comparative Analysis Within the Oulu Region in Northern Finland", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York, Springer, pp. 237-262.

LUTHER, Kurt Richard and MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (eds.) (2002), Political Parties in the New Europe. Political and Analytical Challenges, Comparative Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

MACKIE, Thomas T. and MARSH, David (1995), "The Comparative Method", in MARSH, David and STOKER, Gerry (eds), Theory and Methods in Political Science, London, MacMillan, pp. 173-188.

MACRIDIS, Roy C. (1968), "A Survey of the Field of Comparative Government", in ECKSTEIN, Harry and APTER, David E. (eds), Comparative Politics : a Reader, New York, The Free Press, pp. 35-42.

MACRIDIS, Roy C. and BROWN, Bernard E. (eds) (1990), Comparative Politics. Notes and Readings, 7th ed., Pacific Grove, CA, Brooks & Cole Publishing Co.

MAHONEY, J. and RUESCHEMEYER, D. (eds) (2003), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

MAHONEY, James (2000), "Rational Choice Theory and the Comparative Method: an Emerging Synthesis ?", Studies in Comparative International Development, 35, 2, 83-94.

MAHONEY, James (2003), "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 131-176.

---------- (2003), "Strategies of Causal Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 337-372.

---------- (2003), "Tentative Answers to Questions About Causal Mechanisms", paper presented at : Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA,

---------- (2004), "Comparative-Historical Methodology ", Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 81-101.
Abstract: The last decade featured the emergence of a significant and growing literature concerning comparative-historical methods. This literature offers methodological tools for causal and descriptive inference that go beyond the techniques currently available in mainstream statistical analysis. In terms of causal inference, new procedures exist for testing hypothesis about necessary and sufficient causes, and these procedures address the skepticism that mainstream methodologists may hold about necessary and sufficient causation. Likewise, new techniques are available for analyzing hypotheses that refer to complex temporal processes, including path-dependent sequences. In the area of descriptive inference, the comparative-historical literature offers important tools for concept analysis and for achieving measurement validity. Given these contributions, comparative-historical methods merit a central place within the general field of social science methodology.

MAHONEY, James, "Comparative-Historical Methods: The State of the Art. Lecture for the COMPASSS Meeting, 25-6 November 2004, Leuven." (2004):2004.

MAHONEY, James and GOERTZ, Gary (2003), "The Possibility Principle and Case Selection: Choosing Negative Cases in Comparative Analysis", COMPASSS Working Papers, 8, 27p. (http://www.compasss.org/mahoney_goertz2003.pdf)
Abstract: A central challenge in qualitative research involves selecting the ``negative'' cases (e.g., nonrevolutions, nonwars) to be included in analyses that seek to explain positive outcomes of interest (e.g., revolutions, wars). Although it is widely recognized that the selection of negative cases is highly consequential for theory testing, methodologists have yet to formulate specific rules to inform this selection process. In this paper, we propose a principle -- the Possibility Principle -- that provides explicit, rigorous, and theoretically-informed guidelines for choosing a set of negative cases. The Possibility Principle advises researchers to select only negative cases where the outcome of interest was possible. An outcome is considered possible if one or a small number of independent variables predict its occurrence. Our discussion elaborates this principle and its implications for both theory formulation and theory testing. Major points are illustrated with substantive examples from studies of revolution, economic growth, democracy, and interstate war.

MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (2003), "Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 3-40.

---------- (eds) (2003), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

MAIR, Peter (1996), "Comparative Politics : an Overview", in GOODIN, Robert E. and KLINGEMANN, Hans-Dieter (eds), A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 309-335.

MARMOR, Theodore R. and LIEBERMAN, Evan S. (9.2.2004/9.5.2004), "Tobacco Control in Comparative Perspective: Eight Nations in Search of an Explanation", paper presented at : APSA Annual Meeting 2004, Chicago,

MARRADI, Alberto (1985), "Natura, forme e scopi della comparazione: un bilancio", in FISICHELLA, Doimenico (ed), Metodo scientifico e ricerca politica, Roma, La Nuova Italia Scientifica,

MARX, Axel and PEETERS, Hans (2004), "Win for Life. An Empirical Exploration of the Social Consequences of Introducing a Basic Income", COMPASSS Working Paper, 29, 54p.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is twofold. First of all, the paper discusses why, how, and to what extent, natural experiments such as lotteries can contribute to research which empirically explores possible social consequences of the introduction of a Basic Income. The second aim is to focus on the question of what, if anything, happens after the introduction of a Basic Income. The paper is structured in three parts. The first part of the paper addresses the question of why natural experiments constitute an interesting research-strategy. Via a comparison with a genuine experiment a theoretical case is made to conduct lottery research, which has some distinctive strengths vis-à-vis an experiment. The second part of the paper discusses an ongoing pilot-project which investigates the consequences of winning the Belgian lottery game Win for Life (unconditional lifelong monthly allowance of 1.000 euro). It is assessed to what extent this game represents a good proxy for a Basic Income and what conclusions can be drawn from it. In addition, the results of a pilot-project are discussed using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). A specific issue of model-selection in a QCA-type of analysis is also addressed. In a third part, a proposal for the extension of lottery research is suggested.

MARX, Axel and RIHOUX Benoît (work in progress), Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Systematic Comparative Case Analysis in Management Research (unpublished manuscript).
Abstract: (working manuscript) One challenge for management research is to design research in such a way that it is relevant for and applicable to real world situations. The paper introduces a research strategy/design - systematic comparative case research - which can increase the direct relevance and applicability of research for management. The paper first of all discusses the limitations of two existing research strategies, namely single case-oriented qualitative research and variable-oriented quantitative research. In a next step systematic comparative case research is introduced, elaborated upon and discussed. The proposed research strategy aims to bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative research from the perspective of qualitative research. In this sense the proposed research-strategy is fundamentally qualitative in nature. It interprets outcomes in the context of a case and aims to give an explanation for each outcome. This deterministic character of the approach allows for a more direct link between theory and action.

MAYER, Lawrence C. (1989), Redefining Comparative Politics. Promise Versus Performance, Newbury Park, London & New Delhi, Sage Publications.

MCKEOWN, Timothy J. (2004), "Case Studies and the Limits of the Quantitative Worldview", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Yools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 139-168.

MELINDER, Karin A. and ANDERSSON, Ragnar (9.6.2000/9.9.2000), "Multivariate Analysis in Qualitative Research", paper presented at : 3rd Nordic Health Promotion Research Conference, Tampere,
Abstract: Background : Multivariate analysis has mostly been performed using quantitative methods. In these, controlling for confounders and inter-correlated variables is treated as important. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of confounders and inter-correlated variables when utilizing qualitative rather than quantitative techniques. Material and methods: A number of European countries are compared according to their levels of fatal injuries and various structural factors. The method employed involves a combination of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Pearson correlation. QCA uses binary data, and has the advantage of being capable of presenting a pattern on the basis of a variety of variables. One disadvantage of OCA is that it is hard to rank factors in accordance with their importance. The advantage of Pearson correlation is that results can be presented in the form of a matrix displaying values on many variables. Results: The QCA table presented shows a pattern where countries with a special combination of variable values - low GNP, high level of unemployment, high alcohol consumption and many Catholics - have many traffic accidents and few suicides, whereas countries with high GNP, a low unemployment rate, low alcohol consumption and few Catholics do not. But it is hard to tell which variables impact on which. Pearson correlation coefficients, however, reveal the importance of each specific variable. When the table provided by QCA is complemented with Pearson coefficients it is found that - although both unemployment rate and alcohol consumption contribute to the formation of the QCA pattern - their roles differ between rich, non-Catholic countries and less-developed, Catholic countries. Discussion: Confounding variables, which in quantitative analysis are seen as problematic, can be regarded as an asset in qualitative analysis. The latter kind of analysis enables a patterning of cases that is not possible when relying solely on the former.

MERKL, Peter H. (1970), Modern Comparative Politics, Modern Comparative Politics Series, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

MIDLARSKY, Manus (1970), "Mathematical Models of Instability and a Theory of Diffusion", International Studies Quarterly, 14, 60-84.

---------- (1975), On War : Political Violence in the International System, New York, The Free Press.

---------- (1978), "Analyzig Diffusion and Contagion Effects : the Urban Disorders of the 1960s", American Political Science Review, 72, 996-1008.

MILES, Matthew B. and WEITZMAN, Eben A. (1994), "Appendix. Choosing Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis", in MILES, Matthew B. and HUBERMAN, A. Michael, Qualitative Data Analysis: an Expanded Sourcebook 2nd revised ed., Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp. 311-317.

MILL, John S. (1967), A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.

MITCHELL, Ronald and BERNAUER, Thomas (2004), "Beyond Story-Telling: Designing Case Study Research in International Environmental Policy", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 81-106.

MJOSET, Lars (2001), "Theory: Conceptions in the Social Sciences", in SMELSER, Neil J. and BALTES, Paul B. (eds), The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 15641-15647.

---------- (2003), "Versuch über die Grundlagen der vergleichenden historischen Sozialwissenschaft", in KAELBLE, Hartmut and SCHRIEWER, Jürgen (eds), Vergleich und Transfer: Komparatistik in den Sozial-, Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main, Campus Verlag, pp. 167-220.

MONIZ, Antonio Brandao ( 2006), "Scenario-Building Methods As a Tool for Policy Analysis", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (Eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York, Springer, pp. 185-209.

MONTULET, Bertrand (1998), Mobilités : contribution à une perspective spatio-temporelle en sociologie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université Catholique de Louvain (unpublished).

MORALES DIEZ DE ULZURRUN, Laura (1998), Membership in Political Groups in Western Countries (unpublished manuscript). (PhD. Project, online at : http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/groups/scr/ulzurrun.pdf)

MOSES, Jonathon W. and KNUTSEN, Torbjorn L. (2007), Ways of Knowing: Competing Methoodologies in Social and Political Research, New-York, Palgrave Macmillan .

MOUL, W. B. (1974), "On Getting Something for Nothing : a Note on Causal Models of Political Development", Comparative Political Studies, 7, 2, 139-164

MÜLLER, Leos and NOVAKY Gyorgy (1997), Om komparativ metod inom historievetenskapen (unpublished manuscript). (online at : )

MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (1989), "Green Parties and Alternative Lists Under Cross-National Perspective", in MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (ed.), New Politics in Western Europe. The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, pp. 5-22.

MUNCK, Gerardo L. (2004), "Tools for Qualitative Research", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 105-122.

MÜNICHSDORFER, Olaf (1995), Der französische Ökologismus - Forsatz einer konservativen Tradition? Eine komparative Studie der regionalen Hochburgen der "Verts". Magisterarbeit,Universität Trier, Politikwissenschaft (unpublished).

MUNOZ, Lucio (2002), "Non-Traditional Research Methods and Regional Planning Needs in Developing Countries: Is There an Ideal Methodology?", Theomai Journal, 6,

______ (2004), Beyond Traditional Sustainable Development: Sustainability Theory and Sustainability Indeces Under Ideal Present-Absent Qualitative Comparative Conditions (unpublished manuscript).

MÉNY, Yves and SUREL, Yves (2004), Politique comparée. Les démocracies: Alemagne, Etats-Unis, France, Grande-Bretagne, Italie, Paris, Montchrestien.

NAROLL, R. (1965), "Galton's Problem : the Logic of Cross-Cultural Research", Social Research, 32, 428-451.Abstract:

NELSON, Kenneth (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: This paper evaluates institutional linkages between different types of social security programs. The purpose is to explain cross-national variation in the generosity of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. The analysis includes 18 countries in the early 1990s. From an economic point of view it is assumed that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs for means-tested benefits, whereas the impact from a middle class perspective originates from the degree to which social policies promote cross-class interests in defence for the welfare state. Finally, from a strictly institutional perspective it is assumed that social insurance set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection. The empirical analyses give strongest support to the middle class inclusion thesis, which indicates that the degree of income security in social insurance is of importance for cross-national differences in the generosity of minimum income protection.

---------- (2004), "The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies", COMPASSS Working Paper, 21, 44p.
Abstract: This study evaluates institutional linkages between different types of social security programs in eighteen welfare states in the early 1990s. The purpose is to analyze the determinants of cross-national variations in the level of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. From an economic point of view it is hypothesized that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs for means-tested benefits. From a political perspective, the hypothesis is that this impact derives from the degree to which social policies promote cross-class interests in support for the welfare state. Finally, from a strictly institutional perspective, the hypothesis is that social insurance set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection. The empirical analyses show that not all aspects of social insurance are of equal importance in explaining cross-national variations in the level of minimum income protection. The most important aspect seems to be the degree to which social insurance provides income security, which supports the middle-class inclusion hypothesis on institutional dependencies between different tiers of the social security system.

NEUMANN, Sigmund (1956), "Toward a Comparative Study of Political Parties", in NEUMANN, Sigmund (ed.), Modern Political Parties. Approaches to Comparative Politics, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 395-421.

NICHOLS, E. (1986), "Skocpol on Revolution : Comparative Analysis Vs. Historical Conjuncture", Comparative Social Research, 9, 163-186.

Norkus, Zenonas, "Contemporary Comparative Historical Sociology." (2003):2003.

ODELL, John S. (2004), "Case Study Methods in International Political Economy", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 56-80.

ODELLS, John S. (2004), "Case Study Methods in International Political Economy", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 56-80.

OSA, Maryjane and CORDUNEANU-HUCI, Cristina (2001), "Running Uphill: Socio-Political Mobilization in Authoritarian States", paper presented at : Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Panel 45-12: Subnational Dynamics and Democratization, San Fransisco,
Abstract: This study analyzes twenty-four cases representing a range of non-democratic states to determine conditions of political opportunity in high-risk authoritarian contexts. Research to date has concentrated on comparing two or three cases; this study uses Ragin's (1987) Boolean method of qualitative comparison (QCA 3.0) on a larger-N to identify specific configurations of conditions that constitute political opportunity in non-democracies. We find that each of the variables suggested by scholars - divided elite, changes to repression, media access, social networks, and influential allies - contributed to political opportunities in non-democracies. But political opportunity does not require all the conditions in order for social mobilization to take place. Our analysis identifies four "prime implicants", or configurations that create an opening for mobilization under authoritarian conditions. The key factors, identified by QCA in the most parsimonious model, are media access and social networks. These two factors together are sufficient conditions for producing mobilization in non-democratic states.

OSA, Maryjane Osa and CORDUNEANU-HUCI, Cristina (8.18.2001/8.21.2001), "Political Opportunity in Non-Democracies: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : ASA CBSM Sessions, Pasadena,

OTTITSCH, Andreas and WEISS, Gerhard (1998), "Mountain Forest Policies in European Countries - a Comparison Using Ragin’s Qualitative Comparative Analysis Method", in GLÜCK, P. and WEBER, M. (eds), Mountain Forestry in Europe – Evaluation of Silvicultural and Policy Means, Wien, Institute for Forest Sector Policy and Economics, pp. 263-284.

---------- (2000), "Comparative Analysis of Mountain Forest Policies in Europe. An Application of Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Analysis Approach", in PRICE, M. and BUTT, N. (eds), Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development. A State-of-Knowlegde Report for 2000, Oxon, CABI, pp. 415-421.

PALO, Matti, SOLBERG Birger, HELLSTRÖM Eeva, and ET.AL. (??), The Use of Wood Resources and Environmental Protection in Finland and Other Countries [Metla Research Project Nr 3132 - Any Publications?] (unpublished manuscript). ( Some information at : http://www.metla.fi/hanke/3132/info-en.htm)
Abstract: Research project 1994-97. The purpose of the research project is to compare the impact of conflicting forest-related values and interests ("forestry conflicts") on the transformation of forest policies and on the use of forest resources in six Western countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, France and USA) during 1984-1995. The project will produce updated information on a previous study of forestry conflicts in the same six countries (Hellström, E. & Reunala, A. 1995). The material for the research is based on a total of about180 interviews of specialists and representatives of relevant interest groups within the case study countries. The material will be analyzed using Charles Ragin's method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), to which a hermeneutic approach will be developed within this project.

PARSONS, Talcott (1971), "Comparative Studies and Evolutionary Change", in VALLIER, Ivan (ed.), Comparative Methods in Sociology. Essays on Trends and Applications, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 97-140.

PENNINGS, Paul, KEMAN, Hans, and KLEINNIJENHUIS, Jan (1999), Doing Research in Political Science. an Introduction to Comparative Methods and Statistics, London, Sage Publications.

PERROW, Charles (1968), "Organizational Goals", in SILLS, David L. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, London, The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, pp. 305-311.

PETERS, B. Guy and PIERRE, Jon (eds.) (2004), Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective. The Quest for Control, London, Routledge.

PETERS, Guy B. (1999), Institutional Theory in Political Science: The‘New Institutionalism’, London, Pinter.

PETERSEN, Roger and BOWEN, John (1998), "Mechanisms and Cases in Comparative Studies", APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics, 9, 1, 15-18. (Online at : http://www.shelley.polisci.ucla.edu/apsacp/APSA-CP_Winter_1998.pdf)

PICKEL, Gert, LAUTH, Hans-Joachim, and PICKEL, Susanne (eds) (2004), Einführung in die Methoden der vergleichenden Politikwissenschaft, Wiesbaden, Westdeutsher Verlag.

PICKEL, Susanne, PICKEL, Gert, LAUTH, Hans-Joachim, and JAHN, Detlef (eds) (2003), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaftliche Methoden. Neue Entwicklungen und Diskussionen, Wiesbaden, Westdeutscher Verlag.

PIERSON, Paul (2003), "Big, Slow-Moving, and ... Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 177-207.

PINSON, Gilles (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Compared Monographies, a Promising Approach for the Study of Cities in Transition. Evidences From the Compared Analysis of Four Large Urban Projects", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: The orthodox use of comparison in social science requires that the researcher knows the potential determining variables at the beginning of his comparative work. The aim of this paper is to show that this kind of comparison tends to reify sub-national realities. This paper advocates three alternative uses of comparison. First, though comparison is essential for theory verification, it is also very important for theory building. Second, comparison is not exclusively useful to compare national contexts (inter-national comparison) but also to compare sub-national realities (trans-national comparison), which enable to take into account potential similarities between realities in two diverse countries and differences in the same national context. Third, comparison can also be used to practice problematic import-export. Field comparative work is often an opportunity to learn new approaches, new theories and different hypotheses on social and political phenomenon. For these ends, I propose a new methodological framework, called compared monographs.

PLATT, Jennifer (1992), "Cases of Cases… of Cases", in RAGIN, Charles C. and BECKER, Howard S. (eds), What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, New-York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-52.

PLOUG, Niels (2001), Appendix 4.3: Institutional Analysis of the Welfare State (unpublished manuscript). (online at the Graduate School for "Integration, Production and Welfare" : http://www.grad-inprowe.dk/Sociology/Appendix4-3.htm)

PRZEWORSKI, Adam and TEUNE, Henry (1970), The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry, New York, Wiley-Interscience.

PUNCH, Keith F (author) (2004), Introduction To Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, London, Sage Publications Ltd.

PUTMAN, Isabelle (1998), Analyse comparée des programmes d'Ecolo et du parti socialiste aux élections législatives de 1981 à 1995. Mémoire de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du grade de Licenciée en Science Politique, orientation Relations Internationales,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

RAGIN, Charles (9.16.2003/9.17.2003), "Making Comparative Analysis Count", paper presented at : COMPASSS Launching Conference, Louvain-la-Neuve and Leuven, Belgium,

RAGIN, Charles and STRAND, Sarah (2007), "Using QCA to Study Causal Order: Comment on Caren and Panofsky (2005)", COMPASSS Working Paper, 45, 17p.
Abstract: The goal of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is to identify the different combinations of causally relevant conditions linked to an outcome. The researcher typically focuses on a qualitative outcome and seeks to identify the different conjunctural conditions that generate it. In this way QCA allows for causal complexity--for the possibility that no single cause may be either necessary or INUS sufficient. Instead causes are viewed as conditions: insufficient but necessary components of unnecessary but sufficient combinations of conditions (Mackie 1965). Caren and Panofsky (2005) seek to advance QCA by demonstrating that it can be used to study causal conditions that occur in sequences and introduce a technique they call TQCA (temporal qualitative comparative analysis). In their sequence formulation the causal conjuncture is a of conditions or events. While we applaud their effort, in this comment we seek to clarify aspects of their analysis and to present a generalization of the approach that is more amenable to truth table analysis and use of existing software, fsQCA (Ragin 1987; 2000; Ragin, Drass, and Davies 2006). Our first task is to correct what appear to be errors of omission in their analysis. Specifically, they seem to have stopped the process of logical minimization short of completion. We show that it is possible to produce a logically simpler solution than the one they present, while still remaining true to the principles they advocate. Our second task is to demonstrate how to use fsQCA to implement a generalization of their procedure. This procedure takes advantage of an under-utilized feature of fsQCA software, namely, the facility in crisp-set analyses to code a causal condition not only as "present" versus "absent," but also as "irrelevant." The coding of "irrelevant" is especially important in analyses of event sequences, where event order is relevant only if the events actually occur. Thus, the question, "Which came first, event A or event B?” is relevant only if both A and B are coded "present.".

RAGIN, Charles C. (1987), The Comparative Method. Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1989), "The Logic of the Comparative Method and the Algebra of Logic", Journal of Quantitative Anthropology, 1, 2, 373-398.

---------- (1989), "New Directions in Comparative Research", in KOHN, Melvin L. (ed.), Cross-National Research in Sociology, Newbury Park, Sage Publications, pp. 57-76.

---------- (1991), "Introduction : the Problem of Balancing Discourse on Cases and Variables in Comparative Social Science", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 1-8.

---------- (ed.) (1991), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1992), "Introduction: Cases of "What Is a Case ?"", in RAGIN, Charles C. and BECKER, Howard S. (eds), What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, New-York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1993), Shakai Kagaku ni okeru Hikaku Kenkyuu: Sitsuteki Bunseki to Keiryouteki Bunseki no Tougou ni mukete [Japanese translation of : The comparative method. Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies (1987)], translators [chief translator : N. Kanomata] KANOMATA, N. et.al., Kyoto, Mineruva syobo.

---------- (1994), Constructing Social Research. The Unity and Diversity of Method, Newbury Park, CA, Pine Forge Press.

---------- (1994), "Introduction to Qualitative Comparative Analysis", in JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 299-319.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1994), "A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Pension Systems", in JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 320-345.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1995), "Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Study Configurations", in KELLE, Udo (ed), Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis. Theory, Methods and Practice, London, Sage Publications, pp. 177-189.

---------- (1996), "Comparaison, analyse qualitative et formalisation", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 3, 2, 383-403.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1997), "Turning the Tables: How Case-Oriented Methods Challenge Variable-Oriented Methods", Comparative Social Research, 16, 27-42.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1998), "Case-Oriented Research and the Study of Social Action", in BLOSSFELD, Hans-Peter and PREIN, Gerald (eds), Rational Choice Theory and Large-Scale Data Analysis, Boulder, Westview, p. ??

---------- (1998), "Comparative Methodology, Fuzzy Sets and the Study of Sufficient Causes", APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics, 9, 1, 18-22. (Online at : http://www.nd.edu/~apsacp/pdf/APSA-CP_Winter_1998.pdf)

RAGIN, Charles C. (2002), "Préface", in DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît, L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA) : approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-Bruylant, pp. 11-14.

---------- (2003), "Making Comparative Analysis Counts", COMPASSS Working Paper, 10, 24p.

---------- (2004), "La place de la comparaison: jalons pour la recherche comparative configurationnelle", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 118-129.

---------- (2004), "Réponses: "La spécificité de la recherche configurationnelle"", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 138-145.

---------- (2004), "Turning the Tables: How Case-Oriented Research Challenges Variable-Oriented Research", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 123-138.

---------- (2005), "Core Versus Tangential Assumptions in Comparative Research", Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID), 40, 1, 33-38.

---------- (2006), "The Limitations of Net-Effects Thinking", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New-York, Springer, pp. 13-41.

---------- (2008), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis Using Fuzzy Sets (FsQCA)", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques , Thousand Oaks and London, Sage,

---------- (2008), Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, Chicago, Chicago University Press.

RAGIN, Charles C. and BECKER, Howard S. (eds) (1992), What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, New-York, Cambridge University Press.

RAGIN, Charles C., BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and DE MEUR, Gisèle (1996), "Political Methodology: Qualitative Methods", in GOODIN, Robert E. and KLINGEMANN, Hans-Dieter (eds), A New Handbook of Political Science, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 749-768.

RAGIN, Charles C., GRAN, Brian, SHULMAN, David, and WEINBERG, Adam (1993), "Mellom kompleksitet og generalisering: En kvalitativ komparativ analys av Village Republics [Between complexity and generality : a qualitative comparative analysis of "village republics"]", Sosiologi i dag [Sociology today], 23, 4, 67-87.

RAGIN, Charles C., SHULMAN, David, WEINBERG, Adam, and GRAN, Brian (2003), "Complexity, Generality, and Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Field Methods, 15, 4, 323-340.

RAGIN, Charles C. and others, "Symposium: the Case of Case Study Research." 13, 1 (2000):2000.

RAGIN CHARLES C. and SONNETT, John (2004), "Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases, and Comparative Analysis", COMPASSS Working Paper, 23, 25p.
Abstract: Counterfactual analysis has a long and distinguished history in comparative research. To some, counterfactual analysis is central to comparative inquiry because such research typically embraces only a handful of empirical cases (Fearon 1991). If there are only a few instances (e.g., of revolution), then researchers, of necessity, must compare empirical cases to hypothetical cases. The affinity between counterfactual analysis and comparative research, however, derives not from its focus on small Ns, but from its configurational nature. Case-oriented explanations of outcomes are often combinatorial in nature, stressing specific configurations of causal conditions. Rather than focus on the net effects of causal conditions, case-oriented explanations emphasize their combined effects. To support an argument emphasizing combinations of causal conditions, it is necessary for researchers to compare cases that are closely matched with each other. The ideal comparison is between pairs of cases that differ on only one causal condition (Mill 1843). Such comparisons help researchers establish whether or not a specific causal condition is a integral part of the combination of conditions that generates the outcome in question. It is very difficult to match empirical cases in this manner, however, due to the limited diversity of empirical social phenomena. In this paper, we discuss the impact of limited diversity on comparative case-oriented research. We show how limited diversity is conceived in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA; see Ragin 1987, 2000), and link QCA strategies for addressing limited diversity to counterfactual analysis. We distinguish two kinds of counterfactual cases, "difficult" and "easy," and demonstrate procedures for incorporating "simplifying assumptions" into QCA based on the analysis of "easy" counterfactual cases. We illustrate these methods with comparative data on international fishing regimes collected by Olav Schram Stokke (2004).

---------- (2004), "Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases, and Comparative Analysis", in KROPP, Sabine and MINKENBERG, Michael (eds), Vergleichen in der Politikwissenschaft, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften,
Abstract:Counterfactual analysis has a long and distinguished history in comparative research. To some, counterfactual analysis is central to comparative inquiry because such research typically embraces only a handful of empirical cases (Fearon 1991). If there are only a few instances (e.g., of revolution), then researchers, of necessity, must compare empirical cases to hypothetical cases. The affinity between counterfactual analysis and comparative research, however, derives not from its focus on small Ns, but from its configurational nature. Case-oriented explanations of outcomes are often combinatorial in nature, stressing specific configurations of causal conditions. Rather than focus on the net effects of causal conditions, case-oriented explanations emphasize their combined effects. To support an argument emphasizing combinations of causal conditions, it is necessary for researchers to compare cases that are closely matched with each other. The ideal comparison is between pairs of cases that differ on only one causal condition (Mill 1843). Such comparisons help researchers establish whether or not a specific causal condition is a integral part of the combination of conditions that generates the outcome in question. It is very difficult to match empirical cases in this manner, however, due to the limited diversity of empirical social phenomena. In this paper, we discuss the impact of limited diversity on comparative case-oriented research. We show how limited diversity is conceived in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA; see Ragin 1987, 2000), and link QCA strategies for addressing limited diversity to counterfactual analysis. We distinguish two kinds of counterfactual cases, "difficult" and "easy," and demonstrate procedures for incorporating "simplifying assumptions" into QCA based on the analysis of "easy" counterfactual cases. We illustrate these methods with comparative data on international fishing regimes collected by Olav Schram Stokke (2004).

RAGIN, Charles C. and STRAND, Sarah I. (2008), "Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Study Causal Order: Comment on Caren and Panofsky (2005)", Sociological Methods & Research, 36, 431-441,

RAGIN, Charles C. and ZARET, David (1983), "Theory and Method in Comparative Research: Two Strategies", Social Forces, 61, 3, 731-754.

REIF, Karlheinz (1997), "Vergleichende Parteien- und Verbändeforschung", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MÜLLER-ROMMEL, Ferdinand (eds), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. 3rd ed., Opladen, Leske & Budrich, pp. 175-190.

RICHARD, Jean-Luc (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Differential Registration and Electoral Participation Between French People of Foreign Origin in France and “French Born People”: Methodological Issue in Using Longitudinal Data and Log-Linear Models", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "The Potential of Statistical Methods in “Small N” and “Medium N” Situations", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: In France, using panel data in Political Science Studies is very rare. Only two panels do exist: the Survey about registration and political participation at the votes (surveys conducted, for a long time, by the French National Institute of Statistics, INSEE) and the new French Electoral Panel created by the Political Sciences National Foundation (FNSP). INSEE’s surveys are also useful to study social phenomena like social mobility on differential rates of unemployment (and therefore discriminations) in different social of ethnic groups. About that topics, recent debates show that these dimensions also interest political scientists. That’s why it could be interested to show the nature of these debates and the importance of the different conclusions they have lead. Using log-linear models with longitudinal data with comparative purposes raises some problems that researchers are sometimes forgetting (differential attrition, non-homogeneity of variables’ effects on the different groups). The presentation will also allow us to present the use of the INSEE data to compare registration and electoral participation between French people of foreign origin in France and “French born people”.

RIGGS, Fred W. (1968), "Comparative Politics and the Study of Party Organization : a Structural Approach", in CROTTY, William J. (ed.), Approaches to the Study of Party Organization, Boston, Allyn & Bacon, pp. 45-104.

RIGO, Laurence (2001), Analyse des défaites électorales du Parti Social Chrétien (PSC) de 1944 à 1999: un parti en déclin?, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université Catholique de Louvain (unpublished). (Dissertation, unpublished)

RIHOUX, Benoît (1999), La transformation de l'organisation des partis écologistes en Europe Occidentale. Contribution à une théorie du changement partisan, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales, Université catholique de Louvain (unpublished).

---------- (2001), Les partis politiques : organisations en changement. Le test des écologistes, Coll. Logiques Politiques, Paris, L'Harmattan.

---------- (2.5.2001), "Les partis écologistes en Europe : un cas d'école pour l'analyse du changement dans les organisations partisanes", paper presented at : Conférence des Lundis du CEVIPOF (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, CNRS) 2000-2001, "Les partis politiques en France et en Europe", session "Les partis écologistes en France et en Europe", Paris,

---------- (5.16.2001), "Een diepgaande toepassing van QCA : de verklaring van de organisationële "transformatie" van Groene partijen in Westeuropa", paper presented at : Doctorandusseminarie, Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, KULeuven, Leuven,

---------- (9.6.2001/9.8.2001), "Comparing the Organizational 'Transformation' of Green Parties", paper presented at : ECPR 2001 General Conference, Panel on "Green Parties", Canterbury (UK),

---------- (10.5.2001), "Pourquoi les organisations changent-elles? Analyse d’un “cas d’école”: les partis écologistes en Europe", paper presented at : Séminaire de recherche du Laboratoire d'Analyse des Systèmes de Communication d'Organisation (LASCO), Louvain-la-Neuve,

---------- (11.29.2001), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Applications, Objects and Limits", paper presented at : Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, KULeuven, Ph.D seminar, Leuven, Belgium,

RIHOUX, Benoît (5.10.2003), "Innovative Methods for Policy Research. The Added Value of Systematic Cross-Case Analysis", paper presented at : Distinguished guest lecture for the Erfurt School of Public Policy, Universität Erfurt, Germany, . Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée: L'analyse comparative configurationnelle [Themed issue on "Configurational comparative analysis"]. Editions De Boeck Université, Vol. 11, no. 1. Bruxelles: De Boeck & Larcier, 2004.

---------- (5.10.2004), "Innovative Methods for Policy Research. The Added Value of Configurational Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Distinguised guest lecture for the Erfurt School of Public Policy, Universität Erfurt, Germany,

---------- (5.10.2004), "Innovative Methods for Policy Research. The Added Value of Systematic Cross-Case Analysis", paper presented at : Distinguised guest lecture for the Erfurt School of Public Policy, Universität Erfurt, Germany,

---------- (6.04.2004/6.05.2004), "Recent Developments in QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) and Comparative Configurational Methods: Beyond Methodological Triangulation?", paper presented at : International Symposium in Honour of Paul Lazarsfeld, Brussels,

---------- (11.18.2004/11.20.2004), "Ecolo (Belgium) Party Members: a First Exploration of the Data", paper presented at : European Green Party Members (EGPM) Workshop, Louvain-la-neuve,

---------- (9.6.2005), "Systematic Comparative Case Analysis: a Third Way Between Qualitative and Quantitative Methods ?", paper presented at : International Methodology Workshop, Universität Wien (Vienna, Austria).,

---------- (22.09.2005), "Systematic Configurational Comparative Methods: Their Added Value for Policy-Oriented Research", paper presented at : National Centre for Research Methods and ESRC Symposium on Small and Large-N Comparative Solutions. University of Sussex, Brighton,

---------- (2006), "Governmental Participation and the Organisational Adaptation of Green Parties : on Access, Slack, Overload and Distress", European Journal for Political Research, 45, S, s69-s98.

---------- (2006), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Systematic Comparative Methods: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges for Social Science Research", International Sociology, 21, 5, 679-706.

RIHOUX, Benoît (2006), "Two Methodological Worlds Apart? Praises and Critiques From a European Comparativist", Political Analysis, 14, 332-335.

RIHOUX, Benoît (12.16.2006), "QCA and Its Potential for Cross-Country Analysis", paper presented at : Two-day intensive seminar at the Institute of Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Austria,

---------- (forthcoming), "Configurational Methods", in BECK, Nathaliel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Political Science. Methodology Volume, Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi, Sage,

RIHOUX, Benoît and DE MEUR, Gisèle (2008), "Crisp-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (CsQCA)", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, pp. 33-68.

RIHOUX, Benoît, DE MEUR, Gisèle, MARX, Axel, VAN HOOTEGEM, Geert, and BURSENS, Peter (2004), "Introduction. "L'analyse comparée systématique de cas": ouvrir le(s) débat(s) [Introduction. Systematic comparative case analysis: opening up the debate(s)]", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 117-118.

RIHOUX, Benoît, DE MEUR, Gisèle, YAMASAKI, Sakura, and RONSSE, Sophie (2004), "Ce n'est qu'un début, continuons le... débat. Un agenda pour la recherche [This is only a beginning, let us pursue debates [on QCA]. A research agenda]", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 145-153.

RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (2006), "Conclusion. Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis: Milestone to Bridge Different Worlds", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York, Springer, pp. 287-296.

---------- (eds) (2006), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Beyond the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide, New York, Springer/Kluwer.

---------- (2006), "Introduction. Beyond the 'Qualitative-Quantitative' Divide: Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York, Springer, pp. 1-9.

RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds) (2008), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Applied Social Research Methods, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage.

---------- (2008), "Introduction", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, p. xvii-xxv.

RIHOUX, Benoît, RAGIN, Charles C., YAMASAKI, Sakura, and BOL, Damien (2008), "Conclusions: the Ways Ahead", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, pp. 167-178.

ROGOWSKI, Ronald (2004), "How Inference in the Social (but Not in the Physical) Sciences Neglects Theoretical Anomaly", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 75-84.

ROMAIN, Patrick (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "A QCA Analysis of the Influence of “Socio-Pedagogical” Variables on “Value Transmission” by Mathematics Teachers in Belgian French-Speaking High Schools", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) in Comparative Research: Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: Mathematics courses are not only concerned with the transmission of mathematical knowledge. Teachers value certain aspects of this knowledge, rather than some others. For example, some will insist on abilities like abstracting, conducting a logical reasoning, working intensively, …, or on attitudes like precision, rigor, care. This paper will explore how socio-pedagogical variables favor the teacher broadcasting some of these “values”. Various conditions may be taken into account. Some are internal to the teacher: he is motivated; he has a long experience in mathematics teaching. Others are external: pupils are disciplined; their families are comfortably off; the curriculum is more or less intensive in mathematics. Our cases will be a small number (~12) of high school teachers in Belgium (year 2002-2003). We carry out a range of QCA analyses, involving given sets of condition variables and several result (dependant) variables related to different aspects of the values transmission.

ROOD, Sally A. (1998), Government Laboratory Technology Transfer: Process and Impact Assessment,Virginia Tech (unpublished). (PhD dissertation (unpublished, but downloadable at : http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/public/etd-5298-191116/etd-title.html))
Abstract: This study involved a qualitative comparative analysis of government laboratory technology transfer, examining both the process and impact of successful cases before and after passage of technology transfer legislation. The legislation, passed in the mid- and late-1980s, was intended to encourage cooperative research for commercialization purposes. The study examined a variety of factors related to government laboratory technology transfer, including the researchers' roles, mechanisms used, partners, and economic impact. Certain aspects of the researchers' roles became more positive toward technology transfer. They contributed to technology marketing by producing more laboratory prototypes and samples in the post-legislation period. On the other hand, they retreated from broad-based technology marketing in the sense that their roles as technology champions became centered around their relationships with their CRADA partners. There was an undercurrent of caution by the laboratory researchers towards technology transfer in both the pre-legislation and post-legislation periods, and neither time period contained many examples of market analysis or technology evaluation work by the laboratories. Also, there was tension between the research role and technology transfer role, possibly indicating a lack of trust in that relationship. The laboratories primarily used CRADAs and licenses to transfer technologies, and used other mechanisms to a lesser degree. There was even less variety in mechanisms in the post-legislation period. The researchers' comments about license royalty-sharing became stronger in the post-legislation period, indicating that incentive is working. Yet, the data suggested new administrative needs such as for royalty tracking statements and dispute mechanisms. The post-legislation period involved more small-firm partners and more user-initiated contacts, indicating more market pull. The post-legislation period also exhibited more "institutionalized" university relationships. State and local governments were not prominent among the users in either time period. The technology transfer legislation had positive effects in terms of economic impact and outcomes. The following indicators increased in the post-legislation period: new products (generated as a result of technology transfer), sales revenues, new companies, new jobs, and technology transfer contributions to dual use. Technology transfer and commercialization failures decreased and the time to market decreased. The assessment revealed additional findings related to increased international activity, private sector problems, and other factors contributing to technology transfer. An extensive literature review provided background for the issues and problems in evaluating technology transfer. This review included an inventory of technology transfer measurement activities to-date, including models from non-government technology transfer communities. The study experience, itself, further uncovered some insights to technology transfer metrics at a time when the experience base in this area is still premature.

ROOTES, Christopher (2001), "Environmental Movements in Western Europe Compared: Accounting for British Exceptionalism ... Again!", paper presented at : 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Fransisco,
Abstract: The institutionalisation of environmentalism is, in western Europe, a universal story. Both in their internal organisation and their external relations, environmental movement organisations have become more institutionalised. However, the ways in which they have become institutionalised and the implications of that institutionalisation have varied considerably according to peculiarities of national histories, political institutions and political cultures. Most remarkable is the diversity of national experiences of environmental protest in the period 1988–1997. Although a decline in (the salience of) protest appears to have accompanied the institutionalisation of environmentalism in Italy and Greece, in other countries no clear trend is evident, and in Britain the incidence of environmental protest appears to have increased even as institutionalisation has proceeded. This suggests the need to re-examine established assumptions about the consequences of the institutionalisation of social movements, but it also requires an explanation of the peculiarity of the British experience. The paper argues that British exceptionalism is better explained by consideration of the legacies of other protest campaigns, and by the contingent openness or closedness of governments to particular environmental issues than by reference to ‘political opportunity structures’ since the formal structures of the political system have remained relatively unchanged, or to more general changes in political culture since they have been almost universal. It concludes by questioning the very idea of exceptionalism by drawing attention to the idiosyncrasies of all national cases and the absence of any evidence of convergence even under the impact of the new political opportunities represented by the development of the European Union. The paper draws on data collected in the course of the cross-nationally comparative, EC-funded TEA (Transformation of Environmentalism Activism) Project

ROSE, Richard (1991), "Comparing Forms of Comparative Analysis", Political Studies, 39, 3, 446-462.

RUDEL, Thomas K. and ROPER, Jill (1996), "Regional Patterns and Historical Trends in Tropical Deforestation, 1976-1990: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Ambio, 25 , 3, 160-166.

RÜDIG, Wolfgang (1992), "Comparing Green Parties", in RÜDIG, Wolfgang (ed.), Green Politics Two, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 185-198.

RÜDIG, Wolfgang and LOWE, Philip D. (1990), The Green Wave : a Comparative Analysis of Ecological Parties, London, Routledge.

RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (1991), "Different Methods - Contradictory Results? Research on Development and Democracy", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 9-38.

RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich ( 2003), "Can One or a Few Cases Yield Theoretical Gains", in MAHONEY, James, MAHONEY, James, and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 305-336.

RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich and STEPHENS, John D. (1997), "Comparing Historical Sequences - a Powerful Tool for Causal Analysis. A Reply to John Goldthorpe's "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology"", Comparative Social Research, 16, 55-72.

RYAN, Gery W. and BERNARD, H. Russell (2000), "Data Management and Analysis Methods", in DENZIN, Norman and LINCOLN, Yvonna (eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp. 769-802. (proofs online at : http://www.missouri.edu/~anthgr/papers/ryanqualitative.pdf)

SAFRAN, William, "Paradigms in Comparative Politics: a Critical Review", paper presented at : Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle, IEP Bordeaux, France,

SAGER, Fritz (2002), Vom Verwalten des urbanen Raums. Institutionelle Bedingungen von Politikkoordination am Beispiel der Raum- und Verkehrsplanung in städtischen Gebieten, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, Haupt.
Abstract: Städtische Grossräume nehmen auf der ganzen Welt wie auch in der Schweiz laufend an Bedeutung zu. Im Gegenzug sind sie auch immer stärker mit den Problemen moderner Gesellschaften konfrontiert. Der politische Handlungsspielraum aber wächst nicht in gleichem Masse wie der Problemdruck. Agglomerationen sind im schweizerischen föderalistischen System nicht vorgesehen. Ob und wie die politischen Akteure in urbanen Gebieten zur Koordination fähig sind, wird deshalb zur entscheidenden Frage der Qualität städtischer Politik. Fritz Sager untersucht aus verwaltungswissenschaftlicher Perspektive die institutionellen Bedingungen für eine erfolgreiche Politikkoordination. Die Resultate aus dem systematischen Vergleich von sechs raumwirksamen Projekten aus der Schweiz in Bereich urbaner Raum- und Verkehrsplanung werden den Erkenntnissen aus achtzehn westeuropäischen Entscheidungsfällen gegenübergestellt. Auf dieser breiten empirischen Basis erarbeitet der Autor konkrete Vorschläge, wie urbane Institutionen im Hinblick auf eine optimale Politikkoordination gestaltet werden können. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaftler/innen als auch an Praktiker/innen städtischer Politik.

SARTORI, Giovanni (1970), "Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics", American Political Science Review, 64, 4, 1033-1053.

SARTORI, Giovanni (1991), "Comparing and Miscomparing", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 3, 3, 243-257.

SARTORI, Giovanni (1994), "Bien comparer, mal comparer", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 1, 1, 19-36.

SARTORI, Giovanni (1997), Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes, New York , New York University Press.

SARTORI, Giovanni, RIGGS, Fred W., and TEUNE, Henry (1975), Tower of Babel : on the Definition and Analysis of Concepts in the Social Sciences, Pittsburg, International Studies Association.

SCHARPF, Fritz W. (2000), "Institutions in Comparative Policy Research", MPIfG Working Papers, 00/3. (online at : http://www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de/pu/workpap/wp00-3/wp00-3.html)

SCHLAGER, Edella and HEIKKILA, Tanya (6.2.2004/6.6.2004), "Examining the Interaction Among CPR Governance Principles: Boundary Problems, Collective Choice and Conflict Resolution in Interstate Watersheds", paper presented at : Workshop III, Watersheds Working Group, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,

SCHLOSBERG, David and DRYZEK, John S. (2002), "Political Strategies of American Environmentalism: Inclusion and Beyond", Society and Natural Resources, 15, 787-804.
Abstract: This article examines and evaluates the strategy of inclusion used by the environmental movement in the United States in light of the imperatives of state action. We try to explain why it is that the United States was the pioneer of environmental policy in the 1970s, but has since become the international laggard. Given the changed position of the state, we try to sort out when particular strategies on the part of the environmental movement make sense in terms of promoting a more ecological society. In addition to inclusion in state processes as an interest group, we examine environmental action in an oppositional civil society, dual strategies, and the possibility of a move toward ecological modernization by both the movement and the state.

SCHNEIDER, Carsten Q. (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Exploring the Complex Causes of the Consolidation of Democracy. An Application of the Two-Step Fs/QCA Approach.", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: For more than 20 years, social scientists have faced the challenge of explaining the Consolidation of Democracy of third wave democracies. Despite enormous efforts and considerable progress on the theoretical and the empirical level, there is a growing dissatisfaction with the results obtained so far. More and more, there is criticism that the research community has not yet been able to integrate the several hypotheses of CoD into more coherent sets of theories (Munck 2001). There are several reasons for this shortcoming, one of which is located according to the claim - on the methodological level. It is pointed out that the use of regression constitutes an obstacle to formulating and testing subtle and context sensitive but, at the same time, generalizable theories. The argument is that the underlying assumptions of correlation-based standard statistical techniques like multivariate regression - additive and linear effects of variables and unifinality - constrain researchers to testing only simple versions of otherwise more complex theories of CoD (Braumoeller 1999, Coppedge 2002, Munck 2001, Ragin 2000). In addition, necessary and sufficient relationships between variables despite being commonly postulated in hypotheses cannot be investigated properly with in standard statistical approaches (Braumoeller/Goertz 2000). This paper examines the potentials of fs/QCA as an alternative method for testing and, thus, developing more complex theories on CoD. More specifically, it applies the two-step fs/QCA module (Schneider/Wagemann forthcoming) to real data. The data set includes the fuzzy set outcome variable CoD and around 8-10 fuzzy set causal conditions for ca. 30 cases from the third wave of democratization. Given the novelty of the fuzzy set QCA approach, in general, and the two-step approach, in particular, the paper will dwell to a large extent on general, CoD-unspecific issues. Nevertheless, it is also intended to make a substantial contribution to the research on the causes for CoD. As an additional innovation, this paper makes use of a recently constructed index of CoD (Schmitter/Schneider forthcoming).

SCHNEIDER, Carsten Q. and WAGEMANN, Claudius (2007), Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) und Fuzzy Sets. Ein Lehrbuch für Anwender und jene, die es werden wollen, Opladen & Farmington Hills, Verlag Barbara Budrich.

SEILER, D. L. (2004), La méthode comparative en science politique, Paris, Armand Collin.

SEILER, Daniel-Louis (1986), De la comparaison des partis politiques, Paris, Economica.

---------- (1994), "Science politique, comparaison et universaux", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 1, 1, 91-100.

SEILER, Daniel-Louis (1997), "Un système consociatif exemplaire: la Belgique", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 4 , 3, 601-623.

SEILER, Daniel-Louis (2001), "La comparaison et les partis politiques", Institut De Ciències Polítiques i Socials Working Papers, 194, 1-27.

SEILER, Daniel-Louis (2003), "La comparaison et les partis politiques", BCN Political Science Debates, 2, 5-27.

SERDÜLT, Uwe and HIRSCHI, Christian (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "From Process to Structure: Developing a Reliable and Valid Tool for Policy Network Comparison", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: One of the major shortcomings to using Social Network Analysis is the lack of valid, reliable and practical procedures to generate comparable cases. In this paper we would like to suggest such a procedure. Traditional case studies are basically narrative thick descriptions focusing on actor’s event participation during the decision-making process. By agreeing in advance on the events of a decision-making procedure, a descriptive case study can be transformed into an ‘Actor-Process-Event-Scheme’ (APES) where political actors are linked by: a) event participation, and b) procedural (institutional) linkages. In a next step, the data formalized in the APES can easily be transformed into a policy network by joining the event/actor matrix (a) and the actor/actor matrix (b). We propose an easy, non-technical, solution for transferring information from decision-making case studies into policy networks which can then be used for QCA and comparative analysis in general. In this paper we will demonstrate how our tool is helping to make the step from process to structure by applying it to several case studies we established in the realms of a national research program on the domestic dimension of foreign policy making. _

SHALEV, Michael (6.12.1998/6.14.1998), "Limits of and Alternatives to Multiple Regression in Macro-Comparative Research", paper presented at : Second Conference on The Welfare State at the Crossroads, Stockholm,

SHAPIRO, Ian (2004), "Problems, Methods, and Theories in the Study of Politics, or: What's Wrong With the Political Science and What to Do About It", in SHAPIRO, Ian (ed.), Problems and Methods in the Study of Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 19-41.

SICAKKAN, Hakan Gürcan (1999), The Political-Historical Roots of West European Models of Citizen and Alien: an Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis on Macro Historical Data , Bergen, IMER-Norway/Bergen Publications.
Abstract: A clarification of the relationship between West European political history and present models of citizen and alien is crucial to understanding better today's mechanisms and processes of new formations of social, economic, and political boundaries. The major hypothesis in this paper is that historical processes of state formation and nation building played a significant role in the emergence of contemporary legal models of citizen and alien. The article aims at documenting that states generated diverse value systems and corresponding legal discourses framing conceptions of phenomena 'citizen' and 'alien' while they opted for creating the 'right' loyalties and identifications in order to secure continuity of their legitimacy. Stein Rokkan's typology of state formation and nation building in Europe is employed for delineating the variation in European political history across countries. Citizenship, immigration, and aliens' laws of eighteen West European countries are used as data sources for representing the variation in European legal conceptions of citizen and alien. Charles Ragin's qualitative comparative method (QCA) is employed as the basic methodological tool for generating a synthetic, combinatorial solution to uncovering the systematic relationship between types of state formation and nation building, and contemporary citizenship laws.

---------- (4.14.2000/4.16.2000), "The Political-Historical Roots of West European Models of Citizen", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on "??", Copenhagen,

SICAKKAN, Hakan Gürcan and GÜNHAN, Atilla E. (1995), "Neural Networks As an Alternative Model in System Identification Paradigm: A Comparison of Statistics, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Neural Networks As Tools of System Identification", Reports in Information Science (Bergen, Institutt for Informasjonsvitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen),

SIEGEL, Nico A. (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Bounded Generalisations. Embedding and Contextualizing Comparative Case Studies", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: There does exist a number of techniques which try to reduce the 'small n many variables' dilemma in comparative politics and there can be found numerous critical remarks about the hegemonic status of case studies in comparative politics. I will argue in this paper that we cannot "escape" some fundamental problems of research situations in which we often have more theoretically plausible variables than empirical cases under investigation. However, the second argument of this paper is that we have techniques and methodological concepts which make some comparative case studies more useful for the purposes of theorising in comparative politics than others. Therefore we are well advised to invest much research input in questions related to problems of methodology and research design before processing in-dept case studies. For this purpose, I would suggest to combine the virtues of different methodological approaches and levels of analysis in comparative politics for what I would call "embedded" comparative case studies leading to "bounded generalisations".

SIGELMAN, L. and GADBOIS, G. H. (1983), "Contemporary Comparative Politics : an Inventory and Assessment", Comparative Political Studies, 16, 275-305.

SIL, Rudra (2000), "The Division of Labor in Social Science Research: Unified Methodology or 'Organic Solidarity' ?", Polity, 32, 4,

---------- (2002 (forthcoming)), Managing "Modernity": Work, Community, and Authority in Late-Industrializing Japan and Russia, Ann Harbor, University of Michigan Press.

SKOCPOL, Theda (1979), States and Social Revolutions : a Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

---------- (1984), "Emerging Agendas and Recurrent Strategies in Historical Sociology", in SKOCPOL, Theda (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 356-391.

---------- (1984), "Sociology's Historical Imagination", in SKOCPOL, Theda (ed.), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-21.

SKOCPOL, Theda (ed) (1984), Vision and Method in Historical Sociology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

SKOCPOL, Theda (1986), "Analyzing Causal Configurations in History : a Rejoinder to Nichols", Comparative Social Research, 9, 187-194.

SKOCPOL, Theda (2003), "Doubly Engaged Social Science: The Promise of Comparative Historical Analysis", in MAHONEY, James, MAHONEY, James, and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 407-428.

SKOCPOL, Theda and SOMERS, Margaret (1980), "The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Enquiry", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22, 174-197.

SMELSER, Neil S. (1972), "Notes on the Methodology of Comparative Analysis of Economic Activity", in paper presented at : Transactions of the Sixth World Congress of Sociology,

---------- (1976), Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.

SMITH, Gordon (1990), Politics in Western Europe, 5th ed., Aldershot, Dartmouth Publ.

SOMEKH, Bridget and LEWIN, Cathy (eds) (2005), Research Methods in the Social Sciences, London, Sage Pblications Ltd.

SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (2004), "Conclusion: Multimethod Research", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 367-382.

---------- (2004), "Introduction: Methodology in International Relations Relations", in SPRINZ, Detlef F. and NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY, Yael (Eds), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, pp. 1-18.

---------- (Eds) (2004), Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.

ST PIERRE, Marjolaine (1999), L'influence des groupes d'intérêt en éducation sur le processus d'élaboration dela loi de l'Instruction publique au Québec,Université de Montréal, Département d'études en éducation et d'administration de l'éducation (unpublished).
Abstract: Depuis la Révolution tranquille, les groupes d'intérêt québécois qui s'inscrivent dans la montée du libéralisme social et du pluralisme, ont été reconnus comme des agents importants du processus d'élaboration des politiques publiques. Le but de cette étude portant sur le secteur de l'Éducation visait à déterminer si et, le cas échéant, comment ces groupes influencent les législations publiques au Québec. L'étude se limite à examiner leur influence sur la Loi de l'Instruction publique. À cet effet, la thèse examine les stratégies et les modes d'action de deux groupes d'intérêt : La Centrale de l'enseignement du Québec et la Fédération des comités de parents de la province de Québec. Après avoir établi les composantes structurelles et les dynamiques associées à l'action de ces deux groupes, l'étude définit les enjeux spécifiques à chacun et tente d'en déterminer les facteurs propres à l'exercice d'influence. Cette recherche est une étude d'élaboration théorique et non de vérification. Elle utilise une approche méthodologique qui s'apparente à l'approche socio-historique; elle élabore ses conclusions selon un processus logique inductif dont les données de départ sont des données qualitatives. Elle réfère à l'analyse comparative constante et aux procédures d'échantillonnage et de saturation théoriques. Elle utilise un mode de cueillette de données qualitatives et une approche falsificationniste du traitement de celles-ci. Elle répertorie les éléments du cas ; elle décrit les catégories conceptuelles pertinentes qui en résultent; elle formule les relations qui les caractérisent et, après validation, elle formule les propositions explicatives pouvant mener à la construction d'un modèle de compréhension du cas. La présentation de cette recherche comporte cinq parties : 1- une revue des différentes théories des groupes d'intérêt. Cette revue porte sur deux catégories : les aspects statique et dynamique des groupes d'intérêt d'une part, et les aspects relatifs au pouvoir politique, d'autre part ; 2- une description de la méthode d'élaboration de théories utilisée pour cette recherche ; 3- une identification, une description et une explication du mode d'influence spécifique aux trois groupes d'intérêt étudiés et de l'évolution de ce mode d'influence ; 4- une élaboration conceptuelle du mode d'influence de groupes d'intérêt, de sa structure et des interrelations qui en découlent et ; 5- qui, finalement, engendrent la formulation d'hypothèses explicatives plausibles de l'influence des groupes d'intérêt sur le processus législatif. Cette étude repose sur un cadre conceptuel composé de deux grandes catégories de théories : les théories des groupes d'intérêt et les théories politiques. Les théories propres aux groupes d'intérêt sont principalement : les théories de l'Ordre et du Déséquilibre de Truman (1950), celle de l'action collective d'Olson (1965), celle de l'Échange de Salisbury (1969), celle de l'Engagement de Sabatier (1990) et la théorie des Cycles de McFarland (1991). Les théories politiques retenues pour cette étude sont la théorie pluraliste ( Zeigler, 1988 ; Wilson, 1990 ; Basso. 1883 ), la théorie polyarchique ( Dahl , 1956, 1971, 1989 ; Presthus, 1974 ; Bachrach, 1967), la théorie consociationaliste (Liphjart, 1977, ; Presthus, 1971) et la théorie corporatiste (Schmitter... ; Moe, 1980 ; Zeigler, 1988 ; Ball et Miller. 1986). Les données recueillies et analysées dans cette étude ont permis de déterminer les caractéristiques propres à l'influence exercée par les groupes d'intérêt sur le système d'éducation québécois. Après la présentation des différentes périodes socio-politiques de l'histoire québécoise et des diverses phases de l'évolution des groupes au cours de ces périodes, l'étude formule des propositions explicatives de l'influence des groupes au Québec. Ces propositions affirment que 1- la multiplicité des enjeux (idéologiques et d'affaires) affaiblit l'action des groupes mais que paradoxalement la dualité des axes d'intervention en augmente l'ampleur; 2- que les groupes d'intérêt doivent de plus en plus adopter le mode de fonctionnement politique du gouvernement; 3- que le double rôle de l'agent décideur augmente la force de celui-ci : il apparaît donc de façon significative que la conjonction de ces phénomènes entraîne les groupes d'intérêt dans des jeux politiques de plus en plus complexes et ce, dans un champ où les intérêts d'affaire priment sur l'éducation même.

STEFFENSMEIER, Janet M., REITER, Dan, and ZORN, Christopher (2003), "Nonproportional Hazards and Event-History Analysis in International Relations", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1, 47, 33-53.

STEPHENS, John (1979), The Transition From Capitalism to Socialism, London, MacMillan.

STEPHENS, John D. (1998), "Historical Analysis and Causal Assessment in Comparative Research", APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics, 9, 1, 22-25. (Online at : http://www.shelley.polisci.ucla.edu/apsacp/APSA-CP_Winter_1998.pdf)

STINCHCOMBE, Arthur L. (1978), Theoretical Methods in Social History, New York, Academic Press.

STRYKER, Robin, ELIASON, Scott, and TRANBY, Eric (9.3.2004/9.7.2004), "The Welfare State, Family Policies and Women's Labor Market Participation: a Fuzzy-Set Analysis", paper presented at : 2004 Annual Meeting of Research Committee 19, Paris,

STRYKER, Robin and ELIASON, Scott R. (2002), "The Welfare State, Gendered Labor Markets, and Political Orientations in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Denmark and Britain 1977-1994", paper presented at : Gender Studies Program, Robert Schuman Centre, European University Institute,
Abstract: This paper theoretically specifies and empirically examines a causal logic linking production of welfare state institutions encouraging demand for and supply of female labor to support for and gender gaps in left political orientations. We hypothesize that public sector expansion increases female labor force participation by increasing demand for female-specific labor. Public provision of child care and maternity leave are expected to increase female labor force participation by increasing female labor supply. Gender gaps in political orientations are expected to vary by class and labor force locations. Using fuzzy-set methods for the controlled comparison of cases, our empirical results show that high cumulative left governance is causally necessary to create an environment encouraging demand for and supply of female labor. In turn, encouragement on both supply and demand sides is causally sufficient to produce female support for the left in various ways and gender gaps in the support of the center-left. As well, high female labor force participation is causally necessary to produce a female left support gap across labor force locations, with women in the labor force more likely to support the left than women at home. Results from the fuzzy set analysis using the data from Denmark, France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy show that high cumulative left governance is causally necessary and sufficient for high public day care. In turn, high public daycare is causally necessary and sufficient for high female labor force participation. We address substantive implications of the different results including and excluding Britain from our analysis.

SUTTON, Paul and PAYNE, Anthony (1993), "Lilliput Under Threat : the Security Problems of Small Island and Enclave Developing States", Political Studies, 41, 4, 579-593.

SWANSON, Guy (1971), "Frameworks for Comparative Research: Structural Anthropology an the Theory of Action", in VALLIER, Ivan (ed), Comparative Methods in Sociology. Essays on Trends and Applications, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 141-202.

TAGGART, Paul and SZCZERBIAK, Aleks (eds.) (10.2004 (forthcoming)), Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism. Case Studies and Country Surveys, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

---------- (eds.) (10.2004 (forthcoming)), Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism. Comparative and Theoritical Prespectives, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

TARAS, Ray (1993), "Conclusion : Making Sense of Matrioshka Nationalism", in BREMMER, Ian and TARAS, Ray (eds), Nation and Politics in the Soviet Successor States, New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 513-538.

TAROHMARU, Hiroshi (2001), "Tachi Hensuu no Buuru Daisuu Bunseki [Boolean Analysis to Multi-Nominal Variables]", in KANOMATA, Nobuo, NOMIYA, Daishiro, and HASEGAWA, Keiji (eds), Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis], Kyoto, Mineruva Syobo,

TARROW, Sidney (2004), "Bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide", in BRADY, Henry E. and COLLIER, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards ed., Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, pp. 171-180.

TEUNE, Henry (1990), "Comparing Countries : Lessons Learned", in OYEN, E. (ed.), Comparative Methodology : Theory and Practice in International Social Research, London, Sage, pp. 38-62.

THELEN, Kathleen (2003), "How Institutions Evolve: Insights From Comparative Historical Analysis", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 208-240.

THIRIOT, Céline, MARTY, Marianne, and NADAL EMMANUEL (Eds) (2004), Penser la politique comparée. Un état des savoirs théoriques et méthodologiques, Paris, Editions Karthala.

THOMAS, Pierre (1994), L'écologisme. Séminaire de relations internationales, Nouveaux enjeux: écologie et politique,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

TIEMANN, Guido (2003), "Das "most different system design" als Instrument zum Umgang mit multipler Kausalität", in PICKEL, Susanne, PICKEL, Gert, LAUTH, Hans-Joachim, and JAHN, Detlef (eds), Vergleichende Politikwissenschaftliche Methoden. Neue Entwicklungen und Diskussionen, Wiesbaden, Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 265-287.

TILLEUX, Olivier (12.2002), Projet de thèse: Les conditions de la capacité dirigeante des élites locales en Wallonie. Etude comparative. (unpublished manuscript).

TILLY, Charles (1981), As Sociology Meets History, New York, Academic Press.

---------- (1984), Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons, New York, Russell Sage Foundation.

TREMBLAY, Gaëtan, "L'analyse comparée des politiques publiques." (2004):2004.

VALLIER, Ivan (ed.) (1971), Comparative Methods in Sociology. Essays on Trends and Applications, Berkeley, University of California Press.

---------- (1971), "Empirical Comparisons of Social Structure : Leads and Lags", in VALLIER, Ivan (ed.), Comparative Methods in Sociology. Essays on Trends and Applications, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 203-263.

VANPOL, Ivo (1985), "Morfologie van de Vlaamse politieke partijen in 1983 en 1984", Res Publica, 27, 2-3, 311-363.

VASSALLO, Francesca (2001), "Individual Vs Collective Participation: the French Choice in a Comparative Perspective", paper presented at : 1st ECPR General Conference, Canterbury,
Abstract: Research on political participation in the past three decades has confirmed a steady increase of individuals' activism, through different forms, styles and levels of action: citizen participation has evolved from well-structured organizations to less formal types of associationism. A final innovation that took place with the "Participatory Revolution" was the choice of a level of engagement: individual and collective levels of activism started competing/collaborating for political participants. In this context, a close analysis of the French case might reveal whether it is indeed political involvement at the individual level, more than at the collective one, that drives the country's strong political activism. The testing of this political behavior paradigm will provide important conclusions on the validity of the literature on social capital and social integration (from Tocqueville to Putnam, to New Social Movements scholarship), questioning the positive correlation between high levels of political activism, whether conventional or non-conventional, and high levels of associationism and collective activity in social and political organizations. The French case presents evidence of a strong political activism variable, but of correspondingly weak levels of social capital, measured by individuals' integration into politically-based associations/organizations, and activity in those same collective groups. A comparative analysis with four other countries reinforces the interpretation and presents, at the same time, new questions.

VATTER, Adrian and FREITAG Markus (2001 ??), Politische Institutionen und kantonale Staatstätigkeit: ein Vergleich der Schweizer Gliedstaaten [research programme under way] (unpublished manuscript). ((research programme abstract at http://www.ipw.unibe.ch/parteienforschung/IC_Eingang.htm ))
Abstract: The basic problem of how political institutions impact upon state outputs and social outcomes has become highly relevant in comparative politics. The project examines the institutional causes of policy-variations in 26 Swiss cantons between 1980 and 2000. Starting from the observation that each canton has its own very special set of institutions that determine much of the political life the project attempts to demonstrate, on both a theoretical and an empirical level, that there are systematic connections between specific cantonal institutions, e.g. direct democracy, the degree of power-sharing, the degree of decentralisation, and political, socio-economic, and legal outcomes of the Swiss cantons. The project deals with the following research questions: To what extent account the different patterns of political institutions for the impressive differences in economic, social and legal outcomes in Swiss cantons? Which political and institutional factors are responsible for the policy-variations with reference to macroeconomic performance, social policy or income inequality? How does direct democracy affect the extent of minority rights? Are federalism/local autonomy and direct democracy effective institutional veto points in Swiss cantons with reference to public policy? Are differences in socio-economic structures and processes attributable to the different degrees of power-sharing within governments? What is the effect of direct democracy on public policymaking, e.g. spending, taxation, controlling for other political institutions such as consensus democracy, federalism/decentralisation, election systems or strong governments? Starting from the insights of comparative literature on public policy the objectives of our study are as follows: (1) In taking the research advantage of Swiss federalism state, we want to present the first systematic, empirical examination of the impact of political institutions on policy outcomes among 26 Swiss cantons, testing given approaches dominating the cross-national study of public policy. (2) Towards a study of comparative statics we try to explain different policy outcomes in different cantons with reference to their respective institutional configurations. Furthermore, we want to extend this institutional analysis by examining the interaction of institutions and political outcomes both across cantons and over time (institutional dynamism). (3) While there is a significant amount on cross-national examinations discussing the importance of political institutions as a determinant on public policy hitherto little if any systematic work exists beyond the national level. From this point of view our research breaks new grounds in providing a comprehensive policy-analysis in a subnational comparative perspective. Comparing the Swiss cantons the implementation of these objectives is based on both, a quantitative and a more macro-qualitative method: Besides multivariate analysis including pooled cross sectional time series analysis for a sample of 26 Swiss cantons over twenty years, we introduce Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to evaluate our political-institutional thesis. It is planned to present ongoing research at various conferences. In addition, we want to deliver our results to key actors of Swiss cantons as well as to different political and economic organizations.

VAUS, David de (2002), Analyzing Social Science Data, London , Sage publications.

VERKUILEN, Jay (8.30.2001/9.2.2001), "Measuring Fuzzy Set Membership Functions: a Dual Scaling Approach", paper presented at : Annual Meeting of the APSA, San Francisco,
Abstract: Charles Ragin's (2000) recent book opened up a recent dialogue on fuzzy set methods in social science data analysis. Membership functions are measures of partial set membership and are normalized to be in the unit interval and have been used to characterize situations of non-probabilistic vagueness. One of the deficiencies of the fuzzy set literature has been a lack of a firm basis in measurement for membership functions, even though leading fuzzy set theorists have noted that any practical applications depend strongly on the quality of membership assessment. In this paper, I discuss the use of dual scaling, a method from nonlinear multivariate analysis that scales multiple categorical items for the assignment of fuzzy set membership functions. The paper also includes an example of the scaling applied to some data from Russett (1964) , that are very typical of the sort encountered in medium N cross-national research.

VERMINCK, Mieke (1988), "Morphologie des partis politiques francophones en 1986 et 1987", Res Publica, 30, 2-3, 311-339.

VEUGELERS, John W. P. (4.6.2001/4.11.2001), "Structural Conditions of Far-Right Emergence in Contemporary Western Europe : a Comparative Analysis of Kitschelt's Theory", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on "??", Grenoble. (online at : http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/jointsessions/grenoble/papers/ws14/veugelers.pdf)

VIEBROCK, Elke (9.9.2004/9.11.2004), "European Systems of Unemployment Insurance in Historical Comparison. The Potential of FS/QCA in Cross-Country Welfare State Research", paper presented at : ESPAnet 2004 Conference, Comparative Methodology Stream, Oxford,

VÍTEK, Miloš (2000), Systematika Mezinárodních Srovnání [Systematic International Comparison] (unpublished manuscript). (Course material. Online at the University of Pardubice, at : http://www.vslib.cz/em/old/3_2000/em3.htm)
Abstract: The observable behavior of individuals, groups or nations can be compared between two countries, among a smaller or a greater number of countries mutually. The comparison has the form of contextual description, classification, hypotheses testing or prediction. The comparison of international data combines political, economic, cultural and other aspects in a systematic way.

VOM HAU, Matthias (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Explaining the Great Reversal in Spanish America: Fuzzy-Set Analysis Versus Statistical Analysis", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: This paper evaluates the relative strengths and weaknesses of additive linear statistical methods and fuzzy-set methods for explaining the "great reversal" in Spanish America from 1700 to 1850. During this period, the most marginal colonial territories became the region's wealthiest countries, whereas the most central colonial territories became the region's poorest countries. We test five competing hypotheses using both statistical and fuzzy-set methods to explain this reversal. Our fuzzy-set test reaches substantively important conclusions, whereas our statistical test generates findings that are not meaningful. We trace these contrasting results to the profoundly different ways in which fuzzy-set and statistical methodologies construct populations, formulate hypotheses, understand causation, and measure variables. We conclude that fuzzy-set analysis and statistical analysis operate in different "causal universes," and that greater attention should be granted to the causal universe occupied by fuzzy-set analysis.

WAGSCHAL, Uwe (1999), Statistik für Politikwissenschaftler, München, R. Oldenbourg Verlag.

WALGRAVE, Stefaan, DE SWERT, Knut, and DANDOY, Régis (3.22.2002/3.28.2002), "The Making of the (Issues of the) Vlaams Blok. Issue Ownership and Agenda Setting of Vlaams Blok Issues Among Voters, in Party Manifestos and in the Media (1991-2000)", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions, Workshop 'Media and Antipolitics', Torino, Italy,
Abstract: In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, one of the strongest extreme right parties of Europe thrives: the Vlaams Blok (the Flemish Blok). The basic question of this paper is straightforward: does the Flemish media contribute to the success of the Vlaams Blok by emphasising the themes of the party? The theoretical argument is twofold: agenda setting by the media and issue ownership by parties. The issues the Vlaams Blok owns are determined using two sources: its electoral manifestoes and its electorates' motivations to vote for the party. This leads to four issues: Flemish nationalism, immigrant topics, antipolitics issues and crime-related themes. Using a vast media dataset covering three newspapers and two TV-stations and stretching over ten years (1991-2000), we examine to what extent these issues were covered. The analysis shows that especially antipolitics and crime receive extensive and growing media attention and that this rise parallels the growth of the Vlaams Blok. We speculate that this contributed to the Vlaams Blok's upsurge. Finally, we put our findings into perspective and call for further comparative research.

WALKER, Jack L. (1969), "The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States", American Political Science Review, 63, 880-899.

WALLEMACQ, Anne (1989), Le temps. Contribution à une sociologie de la perception, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université Catholique de Louvain (unpublished).

WARWICK, Paul V. (2001), "Coalition Policy in Parliamentary Democracies. Who Gets How Much and Why.", Comparative Political Studies, 34, 10, 1212-1236.
Abstract: This study investigates several hypotheses relating to the policy positions adopted by coalitions governments in parliamentary democracies. Previous research, based on the comparative manifestos project's coding of party manifestos and coalition government declarations, has found that the linkage between the left-right positions of coalition governments and the position of the parties that compose them is surprisingly weak. This investigation uses the same data to reveal a much closer correspondence between the two in West European systems. This linkage initially appeared to be weak because it is partially masked by additional influences on government policy emanating from the formateur party, the finance minister's party, the external support parties sustaining the government (if any), and the parliamentary center of gravity. In addition, government policy is affected by the position of the preceding government and shows a marked tendency to drift rightward with the passage of time since the last election

WATELET, Jean-Marc (1994), Les partis politiques en Belgique et au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Mémoire,Université catholique de Louvain, Département des Sciences Politiques et Sociales (unpublished).

WEBB, Paul, FARRELL, David, and HOLLIDAY, Ian (eds.) (2002), Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Comparative Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

WELLHOFER, E. Spencer (1979), "The Effectiveness of Party Organization : a Cross-National Time-Series Analysis", European Journal of Political Research, 7, 2, 205-225.

---------- (1989), "The Comparative Method and the Study of Development, Diffusion, and Social Change", Comparative Political Studies, 22, 3, 315-342.

WICKHAM-CROWLEY, Timothy P. (1991), "A Qualitative Comparative Approach to Latin American Revolutions", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 82-109.

WINTERS, Ine (2001), Beleidssteun voor minister. Een comparatief onderzoek in veertien Europese lidstaten, Antwerpen, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (unpublished). (Dissertation, unpublished (online at : http://www.uia.ac.be/u/s990034/kabinetten/))
Abstract: Deze thesis is een exploratief onderzoek. De bedoeling was om mogelijke redenen aan te geven waarom ministeriële kabinetten ontstaan zijn in bepaalde landen. Uiteindelijk wilden we een aantal denkpistes uiteenzetten over welke factoren er aan de basis kunnen liggen van de keuze voor de ene of de andere methode van beleidsondersteuning. Om dit concreet in te vullen hebben we 14 landen van de Europese Unie onder de loep genomen (zonder Luxemburg). De methode die Ragin hanteert gaf ons de inspiratie voor de analyse. Hij stelt dat het, uiteindelijk doel van comparatief onderzoek het verklaren van diversiteit is. Dit moet op een eenvoudige wijze gebeuren door het zoeken naar patronen van gelijkenissen en verschillen bij een beperkt aantal gevallen. Voor elk van die landen hebben we een groot aantal politieke variabelen, opgezocht. Deze zijn zo geformuleerd dat er enkel een ja/nee-antwoord mogelijk is. De data worden met andere woorden gedichotomiseerd. Zo kunnen gevallen op een vereenvoudigde manier worden voorgesteld en kan men gemakkelijker configuraties en subgroepen onderscheiden. De besproken variabelen gaan over het politiek-maatschappelijk en het, administratieve systeem van een land, aangezien de keuze voor het ene of andere model van beleidsondersteuning gedaan wordt op die basis. De data werden gegroepeerd in een samenvattende tabel. Vervolgens werden ze gesimplificeerd, door irrelevante verbanden te verwijderen, waardoor het gemakkelijker wordt, om clusters van samenhangende variabelen te onderscheiden. Concreet hebben wet dit laatste gedaan met behulp van het softwarepakket, QCA. Op die manier hebben we een aantal mogelijke verklaringen gevonden voor de aan- of afwezigheid van ministeriële kabinetten. We kunnen niet één, duidelijke reden aangeven waarom er in bepaalde landen ministeriële kabinetten ontstaan zijn, en in andere niet. Wel hebben we getracht aanwijzingen te geven, denkpistes, ideeën in welke richting de eventuele reden gezocht moet worden.

WINTERS, Ine (6.2001), Beleidssteun voor ministers. Een comparatief onderzoek in veertien Europese lidstaten. (Eindverhandeling voorgelegd met het oog op het behalen van de graad van licenciaat in de politieke en sociale wetenschappen (richting Internationale Politiek)), (unpublished), Universiteit Antwerpen (unpublished).

YAMASAKI, Sakura (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Testing Hypotheses With QCA: Application to the Nuclear Phase-Out Policy in 9 OECD Countries", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) in Comparative Research: Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: Taking as a starting point Duyvendak’s development on the concept of “policy domain profile” (Kriesi et al. 1995), this paper first discusses the best way to operationalize this concept, picking on both NSM litterature and public policy litterature. In a second part, the proposed operationalization will be tested with QCA by empirical data: the nuclear phase out policy in several European countries and Japan. The methodological originality of this paper is the usage of the “intersection” function of QCA, a function especially designed for theory testing but very seldom used (for the only known exception, see Watanabe, 2001). Theories as well as empirical findings are expressed in a Boolean equation (with, of course, the same outcome) and they are “crossed” to see where theory and reality meet. More concretely, this function of QCA allows to point at situations that are observed empirically but which should not “theoretically” exist; or, on the other hand, situations that should exist theoretically but are not observed empirically, pointing at possible flaws in the theory.

YAMASAKI, Sakura and RIHOUX, Benoît (2008), "A Commented Review of Applications", in RIHOUX, Benoît and RAGIN, Charles C. (eds), Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage, pp. 123-146.

YONETANI, Miya, ISHIDA, Atsushi, and KOSAKA, Kenji (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Determinants of Linguistic Human Rights Movement", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) in Comparative Research: Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: We examine the social background of movements for linguistic human rights by way of QCA analysis. Linguistic human rights have been a focus of interests widely among scholars, but no sustained effort was done to see determinants of the social background of movements for the rights. We chose candidate factors such as diversity of languages within a country, literacy rate, population size, national income as an index of affluence, and existence of constitution supporting the rights to explain the occurrence of social movements. We collected and created data in proper form for 157 countries in the world, which was subject to QCA analysis. Our conclusion is that the economic affluence and perhaps the educational level play greater roles for linguistic minority people to assert their human rights. An explicit formula will be shown and discussed in the main text.

ZELDITCH, Morris Jr. (1971), "Intelligible Comparisons", in VALLIER, Ivan (ed), Comparative Methods in Sociology. Essays on Trends and Applications, Berkeley, University of California Press, pp. 267-307.