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Applications in Economics, Management and Organizational Theories

ANONYMOUS (forthcoming 2005), "Using Qualitative Comparative Anaylsis in Organizational Research: An International Development Case Study",

BAKKER, Rene M., CAMBRE, Bart, KORLAAR, Leonique , and RAAB, Joerg (5 July 2010), "Managing the Project Learning Paradox: A Set-Theoretic Approach Toward Project Knowledge Transfer", International Journal of Project Management. (online)

BAKKER, René and others, "Managing the Project Learning Paradox: a Set-Theoretic Approach Toward Project Knowledge Transfer.".

BELL, Erica (Feb 2007), "Time, Space and Body in Adolescent Residential Services: Re-Imagining Service Research", Addiction Research & Theory, 15, 1, 97-111.
Abstract: The objective of this article, which emerges from the pragmatic dissatisfactions of a service designer, is to explore the way forward for developing more socially useful research evidence for adolescent substance abuse services. Analysis is made of the limitations of existing substance abuse research, driven by classical experimental models that rely on traditional quantitative techniques. Theoretical propositions about the nature of an ideal service are developed from interviews with professionals in twenty of Australia's twenty-three adolescent residential services. These suggest the configurational nature of the service, arising from its multi-dimensional temporal, spatial and material properties, and the importance of the service's capacity to combine diverse service elements in complementary ways to meet individual client needs. A social sciences methodology - qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) - has the potential to better analyse the configurational nature of such services, allowing identification of effective service element combinations, especially in small-N studies.

Bell, Jim and Sharon Loane, "Entrepreneurship Research in Europe:Innovative Methods in the Exploration of Internationalisation Issues." (2003): 17 pp. 2003.

BIRNIE, Alan, MARTIN, Graeme, and NEWMAN, Peter (2006), "Opportunity Recognition and Perception of Uncertainty Among Entrepreneurs in Christchurch: an Exploratory Study", paper presented at : Regional Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2006,
Abstract: Birnie, Martin and Newman (2006) applied fsQCA to 25 entrepreneurs to investigate a model of ‘alertness’, confirming that successful innovation stemmed from recognising opportunities which they label ‘economic events’. Spin-off opportunities were more commonly realised than radically new ventures, and the perception of uncertainty was a necessary condition of recognising an opportunity.

BOYER, Robert (2001), "The Diversity of Labor Market Institutions Governing the "New Economy" Against Technological Determinism", paper presented at : Session “Labour Market and Human Resources”, SASE 2001 Meeting “Knowledge: the New Wealth of Nations?”, Amsterdam,
Abstract: The paper combines an historical analysis of the American economy with a comparison of twenty OECD countries in order to assess the origin of the emerging growth regime and the basic institutions at the core of good macroeconomic performances during the 90’s. Whereas the American case may hint that product and labour market deregulation, venture capital and NASDAQ are necessary for the success of a technological led growth, the international comparison suggests the coexistence of at least three successful configurations. Deregulated economies explore a science pushed innovation, along with external labour flexibility, significant inequality in terms of competences. But social democratic countries develop a cooperative approach to the knowledge based economy: rather homogenous educational level, life long learning, negotiation by social partners of the consequence of innovation, collectively organized labour mobility. There is a thir d configuration for some catching-up economies that use information technology as a method for leapfrogging: labour markets remain largely institutionalised and regulated, without exerting adverse impact upon macroeconomic performance. By contrast, medium sized economies such as Germany, Italy and France are experiencing much more difficulties in reforming their labour market institutions to cope with the challenge of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT). This might be one of the reasons why, in these countries, many policy makers do think that they should emulate the typical market led capitalism institutions. The conclusion of the paper is that they should instead look for the achievements of European social democratic countries. This is specially attractive given the current state of European integration.

BOYER, Robert (2007), "Growth Strategies and Poverty Reduction: the Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis", paper presented at : Working Document PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques, Nr 2007-43, Paris,
Abstract: This article starts from the limits of the policies that assume a significant de-connection between antipoverty strategies and the logic of the growth regime and that mainly rely upon market mechanisms. By contrast, a branch of the new institutional economics argues that a complete set of coordinating mechanisms is constitutive of really existing economies and that they are more complementary than substitute. The Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis (ICH) may be useful for analyzing simultaneously the antipoverty policies and the viability of growth regimes. The different brands of capitalism are the outcome of complementary institutions concerning competition, labor market institutions, welfare and innovation systems. Generally, such configurations cannot be emulated by poor developing countries, but reviewing the preliminary findings of the UNRISD country case studies suggests some common features to all successful experiments . Basically, antipoverty policies are efficient when they create the equivalent of virtuous circles within which growth entitles antipoverty programs and conversely these programs sustain the speed and stability of growth. Two methods are proposed in order to detect possible complementarities and design accordingly economic policies: the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) on one side, national growth diagnosis on the other side. A special attention is devoted to the timing of policies and the role of policy regimes. A brief conclusion wraps up the major findings and proposes a research agenda.

BRITT, David W. (2006), "A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the Conditions Affecting Early Maternal Transfer Patterns", Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 12, 8, 392-395.
Abstract: In Arkansas, almost all of the high-risk-pregnancy resources are concentrated in a single place, at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). During the 6-month period before a telemedicine programme started, there were five operational telemedicine sites in the state, and during the subsequent 12-month period, there were 13 telemedicine sites in operation. Data were gathered on birth-related transfers during the two periods. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was used to assess the effect of different combinations of telemedical and hospital-level resources on the timing of maternal transfers. Early (pre-33-week gestational age) maternal transfers occurred in period 1 (before the telemedicine programme started), only from areas with level-2 hospital resources and no telemedicine access; early transfers also occurred in period 2 from areas with level-2 hospital resources and either telemedicine access or no telemed icine access. We conclude that combinations of resources affect physician decisions regarding transfer and that QCA is a useful tool for examining the growth and development of telemedicine systems.

BRITT, David W. and EVANS, M. I. (Dec 2007), "Sometimes Doing the Right Thing Sucks: Frame Combinations and Multi-Fetal Pregnancy Reduction Decision Difficulty", Social Science & Medicine, 65, 11, 2342-2356.
Abstract: Data are analyzed for 54 women who made an appointment with a North American Center specializing in multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) to be counseled and possibly have a reduction. The impact on decision difficulty of combinations of three frames through which patients may understand and consider their options and use to justify their decisions are examined: a conceptional frame marked by a belief that life begins at conception; a medical frame marked by a belief in the statistics regarding risk and risk prevention through selective reduction; and a lifestyle frame marked by a belief that a balance of children and career has normative value. All data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and observation during the visit to the center over an average 2.5h period. Decision difficulty was indicated by self-assessed decision difficulty and by residual emotional turmoil surrounding the decision. Qualitative comparative ana lysis was used to analyze the impact of combinations of frames on decision difficulty. Separate analyses were conducted for those reducing only to three fetuses (or deciding not to reduce) and women who chose to reduce below three fetuses. Results indicated that for those with a non-intense conceptional frame, the decision was comparatively easy no matter whether the patients had high or low values of medical and lifestyle frames. For those with an intense conceptional frame, the decision was almost uniformly difficult, with the exception of those who chose to reduce only to three fetuses. Simplifying the results to their most parsimonious scenarios oversimplifies the results and precludes an understanding of how women can feel pulled in different directions by the dictates of the frames they hold. Variations in the characterization of intense medical frames, for example, can both pull toward reduction to two fetuses and neutralize shame and guilt by seeming to remove person al responsibility for the decision. We conclude that the examination of frame combinations is an important tool for understanding the way women carrying multiple fetuses negotiate their way through multi-fetal pregnancies. and that it may have more general relevance for understanding pregnancy decisions in context. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BRITT, David W., RISINGER, S. T., MILLER, V., MANS, M. K., KRIVCHENIA, E. L., and EVANS, M. I. (Aug 28 2000), "Determinants of Parental Decisions After the Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome: Bringing in Context", American Journal of Medical Genetics, 93, 5, 410-416.
Abstract: This article develops the concept of decision context to refer to the combinations of factors that are important in understanding and predicting termination decisions after a prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. Four factors are examined: maternal age, gestational age, prior voluntary abortion, and existing children. The cases were studied at the Wayne State University's Reproductive Genetics Clinic. Qualitative comparative analysis, a technique specifically designed for examining the impact of combinations of factors, is used to isolate influential decision contexts. Odds and odds ratios are used to pinpoint outcome differences among different decision contexts. Four alternative decision contexts are especially conducive to choosing to terminate a pregnancy. Two of these involve women of any age and are formed from combinations of gestational age and existing children (existing children and low gestational age, and no children combine d with late gestational age), Older women who have not had an abortion and who discover the trisomy 21 anomaly early are likely to choose termination. Younger women who have had an abortion are also likely to choose termination. Our data suggest there are added layers of complexity to patients' decisions that derive from combinations of conditions. An additional, strong implication is that qualitative comparative analysis may be particularly useful in understanding such complexity.

CASTELLANO, Jose Maria ( 2010), "Secondary Education and Broadband Diffusion: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Info, 12, 6, 121-38.
Abstract: Purpose - This paper aims to analyze the determinants of broadband diffusion, taking into account supply-side factors such as market entry regulation and demand-side factors such as secondary education attainment. Design/methodology/approach - This paper analyzes 27 countries from the European Union (EU) from 1996 to 2009 using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), which combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings - The main findings point out that there is one way for "innovator" adopters and "laggard" adopters in broadband diffusion, while there are few ways for the remaining adopters. Moreover, high entry regulation is associated more with "innovator" adopters, "early adopters" and "early majority adopters" in broadband diffusion, while medium and low entry regulations are associated more with "late majority" and "laggard" adopters in broadband diffusion. Social implications - This paper suggests that high secondary school attainment is a necessary factor for broadband innovator countries. By contrast, low income and low secondary school attainment are factors connected with late majority and laggard broadband adopters. Originality/value - At present, there is no other research about broadband diffusion or technology diffusion that uses this mixed approach. While the results may not be very conclusive, they will serve as an initial springboard for further research into more specific-variable studies.

CHAIPPERRO-MARTINETTI, Enrica (2000), "A Multidimensional Assessment of Well-Being Based on Sen's Functioning Approach", Rivista Internationale,

CHANSON, Guillaume (2006), Contributions a l’étude des déterminants de la décision d’externalisation. Une analyse dans le secteur de l’édition scolaire, Lille, IAE (unpublished).

---------- (2008), "Utiliser l'approche QCA en gestion. Une application ŕ l'étude des décisions d'externalisation au sein des éditeurs scolaires français", paper presented at : Séminaire QCA & Organisations, Dijon,

CHANSON, Guillaume, DEMIL, Benoît, LECOCQ, Xavier, and SPRIMONT, Pierre-Antoine (2005), "La place de l’analyse qualitative comparée en sciences de gestion", Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 3, 8, 29-50.
Abstract: [FRENCH] La méthode QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) développée par Ragin (1987) innove quant ŕ son positionnement vis-ŕ-vis des méthodologies traditionnelles qualitatives et quantitatives. Elle se diffuse actuellement dans différentes sciences sociales bien que son audience en gestion reste encore faible. Nous cherchons dans cet article ŕ identifier le positionnement potentiel de cette méthode en gestion. Pour ce faire, nous replaçons la QCA dans une analyse plus large des méthodes de recherche ŕ partir d'une étude quantitative des publications de trois revues internationales en management. Nous concluons ŕ l'existence d'une niche pour la QCA, tout en présentant ses conditions d’application dans notre champ. [ENGLISH] The Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) proposed by Ragin (1987) innovates with respect to traditional qualitative and quantitative methods. By now, QCA is diffusing in several social sciences although its audience in management research remains confidential. In this article, we aim to identify the potential positioning of this method in the field of management. Consequently, we lead a quantitative analysis of methods mobilized in articles published in three leading journals. The results suggest that a niche is available for QCA. However, we stress the conditions of an adequate and cautious implementation of this method in management research.

CHOMPALOV, Ivan Michailov (1998), Multi-Institutional Collaborations in Science: Structure, Types, and Outcomes,Louisiana State University (unpublished). (PhD dissertation (unpublished))
Abstract: The advent of modern 'big science' brings about a new kind of research formation: multi-institutional collaborations involving teams of researchers from several organizations. Despite their recent proliferation and visibility, no general classification of these 'virtual organizations' exists. This study adopts a macrosociological, comparative perspective to develop a variety of classification schemes that capture the systematic variation of interorganizational collaborations in science along basic structural dimensions and to examine the relationships of these classifications with important sociological outcomes. Qualitative, historical analysis of collaborations in high-energy physics, space science, and geophysics showed that, when we set aside field-specific differences, seven general dimensions emerge as fundamental in describing the structural variety of collaborations in science: project formation, magnitude, organization and management, interdependence, participation, communication, and technological practice. Cluster analysis was then employed using interview data from 23 recent collaborations in five new areas of physics and allied sciences to build classification schemes along these structural dimensions. Next, analysis of variance models and qualitative comparative analysis were used to explore how the classifications relate to valued sociological outcomes such as success, trust, conflict, stress, and documentary routines. The empirical results strongly supported the central argument that a typology based on a broad conception of technological practice is superior to others in its ability to predict the patterned consequences of multi-institutional collaborations in science. In fact, it is the only clustering that is capable of explaining perceived success, trust, and stress. The major findings of the dissertation research suggest that it is necessary to move away from the narrow focus on th e laboratory and the disciplinary organization of R&D in order to cap ture the structure.

COLOVIC, Ana (2004), Les réseaux de PME dans les districts industriels au Japon, Paris, Université Paris Dauphine (unpublished).
Abstract: Cette recherche étudie les réseaux de petites et moyennes entreprises dans les districts industriels au Japon. Elle s’intéresse en particulier ŕ l’organisation et au fonctionnement de ces réseaux. Aprčs une analyse de la littérature et des approches théoriques mobilisées, ŕ savoir l’approche fondée sur les ressources et l’approche de l’encastrement, une étude exploratoire est menée sur la base des données secondaires. Elle aboutit ŕ la proposition d’une premičre typologie des réseaux de PME dans les districts industriels japonais. L’étude empirique est ensuite conduite sur le terrain selon une méthodologie qualitative. Huit cas de districts industriels sont étudiés. Les données recueillies sont exploitées en deux étapes: l’analyse intra-cas et l’analyse inter-cas. La premičre étape propose des analyses détaillées du fonctionnement des différents types de réseaux. La deuxičme étape applique une analyse quali-quantitative comparative et aboutit ŕ une typologie définitive des réseaux de PME dans les districts industriels japonais. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que quatre types de réseaux peuvent ętre distingués: réseaux de sous-traitance, réseaux de production en cascade, réseaux horizontaux de confrčres et réseaux innovants. Elle montre aussi que les réseaux sont soit verticaux, soit horizontaux. La hiérarchie ressort comme la principale caractéristique des réseaux verticaux, alors que la diversité des liens entre les entreprises et la complémentarité des ressources semblent ętre les éléments clés des réseaux horizontaux. Enfin, la recherche indique que chaque type de réseau a son propre mode de fonctionnement.

COVERDILL, James E. and FINLAY, William (1995), "Understanding Mills Via Mill-Type Methods : an Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to a Study of Labor Management in Southern Textile Manufacturing", Qualitative Sociology, 18, 4, 457-478.

COVERDILL, James E., FINLAY, William, and MARTIN, Jack K. (1994), "Labor Management in the Southern Textile Industry : Comparing Qualitative, Quantitative, and Qualitative Comparative Analyses", Sociological Methods and Research, 23, 1, 54-85.

CURCHOD, Corentin (2002), "La méthode comparative en sciences de gestion : vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité managériale", COMPASSS Working Paper, 3, 26p.
Abstract: Cet article présente une méthode de recherche quasi-expérimentale: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative. Cette méthode permet de rendre compte de la complexité des phénomčnes de gestion, comme les études de cas qualitatives, tout en offrant une technique de traitement de données fondée sur l'algčbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes statistiques, la généralisation des résultats au-delŕ des cas observés. Elle pousse ŕ réconcilier les deux types d'approches dominantes en sciences de gestion, qualitatives et quantitatives, trop souvent en rupture, et encourage le chercheur ŕ maintenir un dialogue constant entre les cas réels compris en profondeur et les idées issues de théories existantes. Nous discutons des opportunités nombreuses qu'offre la méthode comparative en science de gestion pour mieux comprendre les phénomčnes de management, sans pour autant la placer au-dessus des autres méthodes ni la considérer comme r évolutionnaire.

---------- (6.2003), "La méthode comparative en sciences de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité managériale ", Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 6, 2, 155-177.
Abstract: Ît article présente une méthode de recherche comparative dépassant le classique clivage entre méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative. Cette méthode vise ŕ rendre compte de la complexité des phénomčnes, par des études de cas qualitatives, tout en offrant une technique de traitement des données fondée sur l'algčbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes quantitatives, la généralisation des résultats au-delŕ des cas observés. Cette méthode de recherche est bien adaptée aux petites populations - c'est-ŕ-dire ŕ un nombre de cas entre 4 et 50 - ce qui est fréquent en sciences de gestion.

---------- (9.17.2004), "Exploring the Concept of Strategy of Intermediation Through a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Cases", paper presented at : International Colloquium "Analyzing Strategic Change in Organizations: Innovative Methods for Management", Brussels, Belgium,

CURCHOD, Corentin, DUMEZ, Hervé, and JEUNEMAÎTRE, Alain (2004), "Une étude de l'organisation du transport aérien en Europe : les vertus de l'AQQC pour l'exploration de la complexité", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 85-100.

CURCHOD, Corentin and JEUNEMAÎTRE, Alain (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Governance and Performance of Air Traffic Services Providers in Europe: What Lessons to Be Drawn From Benchmarking Techniques and Comparative Analysis?", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications", Marburg, Germany,
Abstract: European utilities have for long been vertically integrated and controlled by administrations and state owned companies. However, the introduction of liberalisation and separation between service provision and regulation, coupled with change of status of providers, has introduced a new rationale in the governance of utilities industry. In that respect, the case of Air Traffic services is particularly illustrative. Many of the national providers have been separated from the administration and corporatised. Thus in Air Traffic Services, the governance of provision now ranges from pure state owned administration to independently regulated privatisation. Making use of the data base (20 European service providers, 100 variables) different techniques can be applied (regression analysis, qualitative techniques, etc) to highlight the existing relationships between governance and performance and the weight of external factors. The paper will aim at reviewing and making use of them (in particular Correlation vs. Charles Ragin Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA vs. Fuzzy sets, and fuzzy sets vs. TOSMANA method) illustrating how, from a unique set of data, different outcomes can be generated with regard to the existing relationships between performance and governance in the field of Air Traffic Services.

DIXON, Marc, ROSCIGNO, Vincent J., and HODSON, Randy (2004), "Unions, Solidarity, and Striking", Social Forces, 83, 1, 3-33.
Abstract: Organizational resources and group solidarity are central foci in literature on social movements generally and worker insurgency specifically. Research, however, seldom deals with both simultaneously and their potential interrelations. In this article, we examine the complex relationships between union organization and worker solidarity relative to strike action. We draw on a data set of 133 content-coded workplace ethnographies and use a combination of qualitative comparative analysis and more standard statistical techniques. Consistent with expectations, results suggest union presence and worker solidarity, in and of themselves, have little meaningful association with strikes. Rather, it is their co-presence that bolsters strike likelihood. Conversely, a lack of union presence in combination with a lack of collective mobilization history diminishes overall strike potential. We conclude by discussing the implications of our argumen t and findings for more general social movement perspectives as well as prior work dealing specifically with unions, solidarity, and collective resistance.

DREZNER, Daniel W. (1999), The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

DRIDI, Chokri and HEWINGS, Geoffrey J. D. (2002), Sectors Associations and Similarities in Input-Output Systems: an Application of Dual Scaling and Fuzzy Logic to Canada and the United States, Discussion Papers, Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL),
Abstract: Understanding the linkages in an input-output system has been addressed by various methods, but many focused on the identification of key sectors in the economy. Sonis et al. (1996) offered as a field of influence theory an alternative approach focusing on analytical importance of elements and combinations of elements. The first objective of this paper is to offer a complementary approach to the field of influence and the so-called 'Matrioshka principal' (Sonis and Hewings, 1990); the adopted approach seeks hierarchial associations (i.e. statistical dependence) between supply and demand in input-output system. The second objective of this paper is to examine the cluster structure sales and purchases profiles when the principle of 'excluded middle' is violated by the use of fuzzy sets. Both approaches are based on the data analysis technique known as dual scaling (Nishisato, 1980, 1994). Results of this approach will be applied to in put-output tables of the US and Canada.

DUCKLES, Beth M., HAGER, Mark A., and GALASKIEWICZ, Joseph (2005), "How Nonprofits Close. Using Narratives to Study Organizational Processes" (Elsbach, Kimberly D.), Advances in Qualitative Organizational Research, Greenwich, CT, Information Age Publishing, Inc., pp. 169-203.

DY, S. M., GARG, P., NYBERG, D., DAWSON, P. B., PRONOVOST, P. J., MORLOCK, L. et.al. (Apr 2005), "Critical Pathway Effectiveness: Assessing the Impact of Patient, Hospital Care, and Pathway Characteristics Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Health Services Research, 40, 2, 499-516.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively describe patient, hospital care, and critical pathway characteristics that may be associated with pathway effectiveness in reducing length of stay. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Administrative data and review of pathway documentation and a sample of medical records for each of 26 surgical critical pathways in a tertiary care center's department of surgery, 1988-1998. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective qualitative study. DATA COLLECTION/ABSTRACTION METHODS: Using information from a literature review and consultation with experts, we developed a list of characteristics that might impact critical pathway effectiveness. We used hypothesis-driven qualitative comparative analysis to describe key primary and secondary characteristics that might differentiate effective from ineffective critical pathways. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: " All 7 of the 26 pathways associated with a reduced length of stay had at least one of the following characteristics: (1) no preexisting trend toward lower length of stay for the procedure (71 percent), and/or (2) it was the first pathway implemented in its surgical service (71 percent). In addition, pathways effective in reducing length of stay tended to be for procedures with lower patient severity of illness, as indicated by fewer intensive care days and lower mortality. Effective pathways tended to be used more frequently than ineffective pathways (77 versus 59 percent of medical records with pathway documents present), but high rates of documented pathway use were not necessary for pathway effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Critical pathway programs may have limited effectiveness, and may be effective only in certain situations. Because pathway utilization was not a strong predictor of pathway effectiveness, the mechanism by which critical pathways may reduce length of stay is unclear.

FISS, P. C. (Oct 2007), "A Set-Theoretic Approach to Organizational Configurations", Academy of Management Review, 32, 4, 1180-1198.
Abstract: I argue that research on organizational configurations has been limited by a mismatch between theory and methods and introduce set-theoretic methods as a viable alternative for overcoming this mismatch. I demonstrate the value of such methods for studying organizational configurations and discuss their applicability for examining equifinality and limited diversity among configurations, as well as their relevance to other research fields such as complementarities theory, complexity theory, and the resource-based view.

FISS, Peer C. (2011), "Building Better Causal Theories: A Fuzzy Set Approach to Typologies in Organization Research", Academy of Management Journal, 54, 393-420.

FORD, E. W., DUNCAN, W. J., and GINTER, P. M. (Jan 2005), "Health Departments' Implementation of Public Health's Core Functions: an Assessment of Health Impacts", Public Health, 119, 1, 11-21.
Abstract: Objectives. The purpose of this article was to investigate the relationship between state health agencies' adherence to the recommendations of the United State's Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report, 'The Future of Public Health', and changes in their populations' health. Study design. Data were abstracted from agencies' plans, budgets, annual reports, etc. spanning a 5-year period. A comprehensive change in population health measure over the same period was drawn from the UnitedHealth Group's annual survey. Methods. Configurations, based on public health core functions, were established using linear regression and qualitative comparative analysis. The dependent variable was a holistic measure of change in a state population's health status. Results. State agencies that most completely adopted a public health model emphasizing assessment, assurance and policy development also experienced significant improvements in their population health measures. Conclusions. State agencies that more completely adopted the IOM's public health core functions had a concomitant improvement in their populations' health statuses. Further research to explore if there is a causal link between adoption of the core functions and positive health impacts is warranted.

FUJITA, Taisuke (06.03.2008/06.05.2008), "Developed and Democratic Countries' Policy Making on GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement. Exploring Mutliple and Conjoncutral Causations Through Comparing QCA and Regression", paper presented at : Expert Roundtable on the Study of Strategies of Social Change Using the Method of Qualitative Comparatvie Analysis (QCA), Manchester,

GJOLBERG, Maria (2007), "The Origin of Corporate Social Responsibility: Global Forces or National Legacies? ", COMPASSS Working Paper, 47, 59p.
Abstract: This article explores the relative importance of global forces and national political-economic institutions for companies’ inclination and ability to engage in initiatives promoting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The globalist hypothesis postulates the CSR efforts of a given company as a function of necessities dictated by the global market place: strong anti-globalisation and anti-corporate sentiments create a need for a positive reputation in order to obtain a “social licence to operate”. The institutionalist hypothesis postulates the CSR efforts of a given company as a function of institutional factors in the national, political-economic system: companies based in certain political economic systems have comparative institutional advantages for success in CSR. The hypotheses are examined quantitatively by testing an index of national CSR-performance against a wide variety of political-economic indicators. The final analysi s, based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), reveals causal heterogeneity and indicates two separate roads leading to CSR success.

GJOLBERG, Maria (Oct 2009), "The Origin of Corporate Social Responsibility: Global Forces or National Legacies?", Socio-Economic Review, 7, 4, 605-637.
Abstract: This paper explores the relative importance of global forces and national political-economic institutions for companies' willingness and ability to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR). The globalist hypothesis postulates that a company's CSR efforts are a function of the dictates of the global market place: strong anti-globalization and anti-corporate sentiments generate a need for a positive reputation to obtain a 'social license to operate'. The institutionalist hypothesis postulates that a company's CSR efforts are a function of institutional factors in the national political-economic system: companies based in political-economic systems with strong institutions for social embedding of the economy have comparative institutional advantages for success in CSR. The hypotheses are examined quantitatively by testing an index of national CSR performance against well-established political-economic indicators. The final analy sis, based on qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), reveals causal heterogeneity and indicates two separate pathways leading to CSR success. /li>
GLAESSER, Judith (2008), "Just How Flexible Is the German Selective Secondary School System? A Configurational Analysis", International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 31, 2, 193-209.

GRECKHAMER, T. (Jan 2011), "Cross-Cultural Differences in Compensation Level and Inequality Across Occupations: a Set-Theoretic Analysis", Organization Studies, 32, 1, 85-115.
Abstract: Compensation level and compensation inequality, as central aspects of modern organizations, are vital for organization studies. Previous research has investigated various aspects of compensation systems, but few studies have taken a cross-cultural perspective. I address this need for cross-cultural research by studying compensation and culture utilizing a configurational approach, investigating combinations of cultural and macro-environmental attributes associated with differences in compensation level and compensation inequality. I apply fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to analyze country-level data encompassing four occupational groups (cleaners, secretaries, mid-level managers, and senior managers) from 44 countries. Findings show configurations of cultural dimensions, development, and welfare state that are sufficient for high compensation level and compensation inequality among these four occupations. Implicat ions for future cross-cultural research on compensation are discussed.

GRECKHAMER, Thomas, MISANGYI VILMOS F., ELMS, Heather, and LACEY, Rodney (2008), "Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis in Strategic Management Research : An Examination of Combinations of Industry, Corporate, and Business-Unit Effects", Organizational Research Methods, 11, 4, 695-726.
Abstract: The authors present qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as a viable method for strategic management research. Specifically, they demonstrate its ability to examine the potential interdependence and complexity among effects through a study of how industry, corporate, and business-unit attributes combine in determining business-unit performance. They present in an accessible manner the consecutive phases of the QCA approach by analyzing a sample of 2,841 cases of business-unit performance, and they examine the insights that the QCA analysis provides for this particular stream of literature. The authors conclude with a discussion of the benefits and limitations QCA poses for strategic management research more generally, including major contingencies under which QCA or linear methods may be more appropriate for strategy research.

GREENBERG, Greg, MOUNT, Jeanine, and BRANDON, William (11.12.2000/11.16.2000), "Protecting Medicaid Mental Health Safety-Net Providers: Analysis of 29 States' Contracting Practices", paper presented at : 128th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA), Boston,
Abstract: Concern about the viability of mental health "safety-net" providers has led many states to include protections for them in state Medicaid contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs). Most commonly states include contract provisions that encourage MCOs to include safety-net providers in their networks, thus protecting them from much of the competition associated with managed care. We used qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to examine the role of four aspects of state's public health care delivery systems in influencing whether Medicaid-MCO contracts had these provisions. QCA is based on the logic and techniques of Boolean algebra and allows one to identify the multiple and conjunctural causes of an event as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions for an event to occur. QCA is particularly helpful for examining situations with complex patterns of interactions among the specified conditions. Using QCA we examined (1) s takeholders' roles (consumers and providers participation in the design and monitoring of state health systems); (2) state political climate and public attitudes about government provision of health services; (3) insulation of mental health services from non-mental healthcare (measured by carve-out status and existence of an independent implementing mental health agency); (4) bargaining strength of MCOs vis-a-vie state Medicaid agencies. The last was investigated by examining such factors as the state's need for greater numbers of MCOs and what the state could provide MCOs in terms of market size and reimbursement. This analysis used multiple sources to obtain data for twenty-nine states.

GRIMM, Heike (2006), "Entrepreneurship Policy and Regional Economic Growth. Exploring the Link and Theoretical Implications", in RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (eds), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York, Springer, pp. 123-144.

GRIMM, Heike and GAMSE, Robert (9.25.2004/9.28.2004), ""Entrepreneurship Policy" and Regional Economic Growth. Exploring the Correlation", paper presented at : ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation", Erfurt, Germany,

GROSSMAN, Emiliano and WOLL, Cornelia (05.17.2007/05.19.2007), "Associations Matter: Reconsidering the Political Strategies of Firms in the European Union", paper presented at : Paper Presented at the EUSA Tenth Biennial International Conference, Montreal, Canada,

HAEGE, Franck M. (2007), "Constructivism, Fuzzy Sets and (Very) Small-N: Revisiting the Conditions for Communicative Actions ", Journal of Business Research, 60, 3, 512-521.

HEIKKILA, Tanya (2004), "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management: a Comparative Analysis of Water Management Programs in California", Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23, 1, 97-117.
Abstract: Policymakers and academics often identify institutional boundaries as one of the factors that shape the capacity of jurisdictions to manage natural resources such as water, forests, and scenic lands. This article examines two key bodies of literature - common-pool resource management theory and local public economy theory - to explain how the boundaries of political jurisdictions affect natural resource management. Two empirical methods were used to test hypotheses from the literature, using a study of water management programs in California. The results demonstrate that institutional boundaries that coincide with natural resources are likely to be associated with the implementation of more effective resource management programs. At the same time, where jurisdictions can control through coordination, they can also facilitate more effective resource management where jurisdictions do not match resource boundaries. © 2004 by the Associ ation for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

HEIKKILA, Tanya and ISETT, Kimberley (11.2.2000/11.4.2000), "Groundwater Governance and Conjunctive Water Management in California: an Institutional Analysis", paper presented at : National Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, Seattle,

HODSON, Randy (2004), "A Meta-Analysis of Workplace Ethnographies - Race, Gender, and Employee Attitudes and Behaviors", Journal of Contemporary Ethnography , 33, 1, 4-38.
Abstract: Workplace ethnographies suggest many hypotheses about the effects of organizational characteristics on employee attitudes and behaviors. These hypotheses, however, are difficult to evaluate by considering each ethnography individually. The current article uses qualitative comparative analysis of content-coded data from the full population ofworkplace ethnographies to provide a fuller evaluation of the lessons these ethnographies have to offer The hypothesis that women are happy and quiescent workers receives only limited support. Women actually evidence less satisfaction and pride in their work than men, but they are more cooperative and less conflictual than men. Autonomy is the most consistent determinant of positive workplace attitudes, a finding that is consistent with survey-based research. These findings thus both confirm and condition prior conclusions about the workplace and suggest the importance of systematically compiling the findings of workplace ethnographies to evaluate and benchmark conclusions based on ethnographic analysis.

HODSON, Randy and ROSCIGNO, Vincent J. (2004), "Organizational Success and Worker Dignity: Complementary or Contradictory ?", American Journal of Sociology, 110, 3, 672-708.

HODSON, Randy, ROSCIGNO, Vincent J., and LOPEZ, S. H. (Nov 2006), "Chaos and the Abuse of Power - Workplace Bullying in Organizational and Interactional Context", Work and Occupations, 33, 4, 382-416.
Abstract: Bullying is a significant workplace problem-a fact highlighted by a growing body of social science literature. Its causes, however, have received little systematic attention beyond analyses of the personality attributes of bullies. This article explores the roles of relational power and organizational chaos in the emergence of workplace bullying. The analysis of content-coded organizational ethnographies integrates quantitative and qualitative techniques and draws heavily from the ethnographies themselves. Results suggest that the interplay of relational powerlessness and organizational chaos gives rise to bullying. In contrast, where there is a disjuncture between organizational and relational factors, the extent of bullying is determined by underlying, context-specific aspects of power. These results suggest a need for organizations not only to protect the weak, but also to eliminate chaos-chaos that creates openings for the abuse of power.

HYYRYLÄINEN, Esa (1997), "Kvalitatiivinen analyysi Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) -menetelmällä [Qualitative analysis using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)]", Centre for Comparative Public Policy and Management Occasional Papers, 3,

ISEKE, Anja, PLASSMANN, Birgit, SCHNEIDER, Martin R., and SCHULZE-BENTROP, Conrad (01.20.2011), "Organizational Divide, Demographic Divide, and Performance of R&D Teams: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis ", paper presented at : British Academy of Management HRM Special Interest Group Workshop ,
Abstract: Joint R&D teams composed of members from different organizations face a dilemma. Diverse skills, knowledge stocks, and perspectives can be combined productively but the team members’ differing organizational backgrounds may create conflict and inhibit information sharing, thus endangering the potential benefits from joint R&D. We propose and test a new model that links R&D team composition with performance. The model is based on the interaction of two divides caused by team composition. The problems posed by the organizational divide in joint teams may be overcome by a demographic divide based on age, gender, and educational background. While a demographic divide is universally beneficial to R&D performance, it is indispensable in joint teams: Only if the demographic divide cuts across the organizational divide may joint teams achieve high performance. In addition, a necessary condition for high performance in any type of R&D team i s a high degree of information sharing. We test our hypo-theses with archival and survey data from 51 projects conducted either by joint or by unilateral teams within one long-standing company-university R&D partnership. In a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we find strong support for our model. In particular, if members share information and a demo-graphic divide exists, both joint and unilateral teams achieve high performance. But if a demographic divide is lacking, only unilateral teams perform well, while the joint teams perform particularly badly. These findings have important implications for composing R&D teams in an era of open innovation.

Jackson, Gregory, "Toward a Comparative Perspective on Corporate Governance and Labour Management." (2004): 41 pp. 2004.

JAHN, Detlef (1993), New Politics in Trade Unions : Applying Organization Theory to the Ecological Discourse on Nuclear Energy in Sweden and Germany, Aldershot, Dartmouth Publ.

KABWIGIRI, Charles (2006), Le design des systčmes de contrôle de gestion en contexte d'incertitude. Une étude empirique du cas des spin-offs académiques de haute technologie, Ličge, Université de Ličge (unpublished).

KALLEBERG, Arne L. and VAISEY, Stephen (2005), "Pathways to a Good Job: Perceived Work Quality Among the Machinists in North America", British Journal of Industrial Relations, 43, 3, 431-454.
Abstract: This paper examines the perceived quality of jobs held by a sample of members of the International Association of Machinists, a large union in North America. It is argued that useful insights can be obtained by examining the relationships between global and specific measures of job quality. We then compare two ways of linking them: the regression or correlational-causation approach and the configurational approach that regards jobs as 'bundles' of various characteristics. Our results suggest that there are various pathways by which workers may consider jobs to be 'good' but that job quality among the machinists is related especially to satisfaction with benefits, interesting work and autonomy.

KANGAS, Ollie (1991), The Politics of Social Rights : Studies on the Dimensions of Sickness Insurance in 18 OECD Countries, Stockholm, Swedish Institute for Social Research.

---------- (1994), "The Politics of Social Security : on Regressions, Qualitative Comparisons, and Cluster Analysis", in JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 346-364.

KENT, Ray (2005), "Cases As Configurations: Using Combinatorial and Fuzzy Logic to Analyse Marketing Data", International Journal of Market Research, 47, 2, 205-228.
Abstract: Traditional variable-centred analyses of marketing data are not well suited to the discovery of logical relationships between combinations of factors. This paper suggests that we may need to rethink what we mean by a 'case' and to view cases as configurations of characteristics rather than units of analysis. The processes of using combinatorial logic and fuzzy logic are explained. A new piece of software is introduced and applied to a dataset so that traditional analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis results can be compared.

KENT, Ray (2007), Marketing Research. Approaches, Methods and Applications in Europe, London, International Thomson Publishing.

KING, Robert L. and WOODSIDE, Arch G. (2000), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Travel and Tourism Purchase-Consumption Systems", Tourism Analysis, 5, 105-111.
Abstract: A purchase-consumption system (PCS) is the sequence of mental and observable steps a consumer undertakes to buy and use several products for which some of the products purchased lead to a purchase sequence involving other products. Some researchers recommend the use of qualitative comparative analysis (i.e., the use of Boolean algebra) to create possible typologies and then to compare these typologies to empirical realities. Possible types of streams of trip decisions from combinations of five destination options with six travel mode options and four accommodation categories, three accommodation brands, five within-area route options, and four in-destination area visit options result in 7200 possible decision paths. The central PCS proposition is that several decisions within a customer's PCS are dependent on prior purchases of products that trigger these later purchases. In this article, four additional propositions are presented f or examination in future research. To examine the propositions and the usefulness of the PCS framework for tourism research, qualitative, long interviews of visitors to an island tourism destination (the Big Island of Hawaii) were conducted. The results include strong empirical support for the five propositions. Several suggestions for future research are offered.

KITCHENER, Martin, BEYNON, Malcolm, and HARRINGTON, Charlene (2002), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Public Services Research: Lessons From an Early Application ", Public Management Review , 4, 4, 485-504 .
Abstract: This article introduces the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method, provides a detailed description of an early application in US public management research and draws lessons from the experience. In methodological terms, we show that QCA requires coding decisions that influence outcomes significantly and emphasize that this secondary data analysis technique be used in conjunction with primary methods in order to consider issues of process. The substantive findings from our application in a study of state-level barriers to policy diffusion indicate the potential of QCA as a systematic approach to the identification of linkages between causal factors that emerge as important to case study participants.

KITTEL, Bernhard (1997), "Causes of Bargaining Trends in Industrial Relations: the Impact of Structural, Cyclical, and Political Factors in a Comparative Perspective", in KROPIVNIC, Samo, LUKSIC, Igor, and ZAJC, Drago (eds), Conflicts and Consensus. Pluralism and Neocorporatism in New and Old Democracies at the Region, Ljubljana, Slovenian Political Science Association, pp. 225-252.

KITTEL, Bernhard, OBINGER, Herbert, and WAGSCHAL, Uwe (2000), "Wohlfahrtsstaaten im internationalen Vergleich. Politisch-institutionelle Faktoren der Entstehung und Entwicklungsdynamik", in OBINGER, Herbert and WAGSCHAL, Uwe (eds), Der “gezügelte” Wohlfahrtsstaat: Sozialpolitik in Australien, Japan, Schweiz, Kanada, Neuseeland und den Vereinigten Staaten, Frankfurt/M, Campus Verlag, pp. 329-364.

KOGUT, Bruce (12.2000), "The Transatlantic Exchange of Ideas and Practices: National Institutions and Diffusion", Les Notes de l'IFRI, 26, 3, 7-46. (online at : http://jonescenter.wharton.upenn.edu/papers/2000/wp00-13.pdf)

KOGUT, Bruce (2010), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Social Science Data", in MORGAN, Glenn, CAMPBELL, John, CROUCH, Colin, PEDERSEN, Ove Kai, and WHITLEY, Richard (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Institutional Analysis , Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 139-179.
Abstract: Introduction Classical Model of the Nineteenth Century Charles Ragin and Multiple Conjunctural Analysis: Configurations Counterfactuals Counterfactuals, Paul Tetlock, and Lars-Erik Cederman Counterfactuals and Gary King Comparison to Statistical Approaches: Example of Varieties of Capitalism Criticism of Qualitative Comparative Analysis Fuzzy Set Logic Multi-level Analysis Statistical Approaches: Multi-level Analysis and the Ecological Fallacy Looking Forward: Mechanisms and Simulation.

KOGUT, Bruce, MACDUFFIE, John P., and RAGIN, Charles C. (2004), "Prototypes and Strategy: Assigning Causal Credit Using Fuzzy Sets", European Management Review, 1, 114-131.

KOGUT, Bruce, MACDUFFIE, John Paul, and RAGIN, Charles C. (2.26.2002), "Prototypes, Complements, and Fuzzy Work Practices: Assigning Causal Credit for Performance", Working Papers of the Reginald H. Jones Center, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 63 pp.

KOGUT, Bruce and RAGIN, Charles (01.2004), "Exploring Complexity When Diversity Is Limited: Nations As Interpretations and Their Institutions As Possible Configurations", in ? (?), Do Facts Matter in Elaborating Theories?p. 55 pp.

KOGUT, Bruce and RAGIN, Charles C. (2006), "Exploring Complexity When Diversity Is Limited: Institutional Complementarity in Theories of Rule of Law and National Systems Revisited", European Management Review , 3, 44-59.

KRIVOKAPIC-SKOKO, Branka (07.15.2006/07.16.2006), "Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to a Study of Ethnic Entrepreneurship in New Zealand Agriculture", paper presented at : International Conferences on Comparative Social Sciences, Tokyo, Japan,

LACEY, Rodney (10.21.2001/10.24.2001), "Creating Generalized Knowledge From Case Studies: a New Methodological Approach", paper presented at : The Strategic Management Society 21st Annual International Conference, San Francisco,
Abstract: Most strategic research is either specific case studies (N < 6), or generalizable quantitative studies (N > 100), because researchers lack methods for handling multiple case studies (N-50). This paper demonstrates a new methodology, based on boolean analysis, that can handle multiple case studies and simultaneously achieve tailored and generalizable models of strategic practice. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin, 1987) allows for systematic, statistical analysis of causal relationships when the number of cases would be too small for standard statistical tests, but when the complexity of data is too great for traditional qualitative approaches. This paper illustrates the effectiveness and utility of the multiple case method and QCA by showing how independent variables affect organizational innovation in 30 hypothetical but representative case studies.

LAMBERT, Simon J. and FAIRWEATHER, John R. (2010 ), "The Socio-Technical Networks of Technology Users' Innovation in New Zealand: a Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis.", Research Report - Agribusiness & Economics Research Unit, Lincoln University, 320, i83 pp.
Abstract: [SHORT] This report documents technology users' innovation as an important source of invention in New Zealand. Interviews were conducted of 55 inventors and innovators leading to 43 final case studies. A fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis is used to describe configurationsof participation in various network configurations resulting in innovation success and failure. Findings show that the five key elements of socio-technical networks are: financial capital, government support, intellectual property, manufacturing and other business activities. [LONG] Technological innovation by the actual users of technologies is receiving more attention, and deservedly so, as these users combine their passions and expertise into improving the technologies which they employ in their personal and professional lives. This report documents technology users’ innovation (TUI) as an important source of inventions which can become successful commercial innovations. Using a range of TUI case studies in the farming, building and energy sectors, we utilise fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to describe configurations of participation in various network configurations that result in innovation success and failure. Data are drawn from extended interviews with over 55 inventors and innovators, leading to 43 final case studies set against a broader analysis of New Zealand’s innovation policies and practice. The method led to the identification of five key elements within the socio-technical networks of innovation: financial capital, government support, intellectual property (IP), manufacturing, and other business activities. Results show the key configurations to innovation success involve inventors who were:
• Well financed, not undertaking significant manufacturing, holding relevant IP; or,
• Well financed, engaged in other businesses, again with relevant IP. The most common configurations leading to innovation failure were:
• Poorly financed, lacking government support, not engaged in other business activities, and lacking IP; or,
• Well financed, lacking government support, engaged in other businesses, undertaking significant manufacturing, and lacking IP. The results were used to develop a model of TUI which shows how innovation is the product of both individual inventive ability and the ability to selectively participate in the relevant socio-technical networks within which the invention evolves into an innovation. A significant resource on which these innovators draw is best understood as social capital, comprising family farm(s) and firm(s), family members, and peers. The model highlights the potential complexity of the TUI networks and shows how successful innovation requires the release of an often intensely personal technology and through the proactive management of the key factors.
The results also indicate that New Zealand’s innovation governance could be improved by policy which better supports TUI, specifically by increasing and facilitating the availability of financial capital and IP protection, expanding and supporting international collaboration (especially in offshore manufacturing), and addressing ethics and trust in business. Wider societal issues also constrain innovation in New Zealand. These issues would be mitigated by an increase in the technological literacy of New Zealand society as well as a wider and deeper appreciation of the necessity and difficulty of innovation, and the personal and economic rewards when it succeeds. While much of the success of local TUI stems from the character of New Zealanders, their knowledge and their passions, that success would be enhanced by improving the connectivity of the New Zealand innovation system as a whole, and the connectivity of this system globally.

LAROSE, Kristy D. (3.1996), Factors Associated With National Olympic Success : an Exploratory Study,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick (unpublished).

LAROSE, Kristy D. and HAGGERTY, Terry R. (10.2.1996/10.5.1996), "Factors Associated With Olympic Success : an Exploratory Study", paper presented at : European Association for Sport Management Congress, Montpellier. (online at : http://www.unb.ca/sportmanagement/haggerty/olympic.htm)
Abstract: Little conclusive research has been reported in the area of national Olympic success and its contributing factors. Yet, sport organizations worldwide continue to spend large amounts of money in the quest for excellence in sport performance. Without a clear model of the influence of various factors on sport success, it is difficult for sport policy makers to understand the problem and to make rational allocations and long-range planning decisions about their sport delivery system. There have been many studies about this topic. Some of the variables identified by past research are noted in Appendix 1 (...).

LETNES, Bjorn (2008), Transnational Corporations, Economic Development, and Human Rights. On the Importance of FDI Composition and Host Country Assets, Doctoral Theses at NTNU, 2008;69, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Social Science and Technology Management, Department of Sociology and Political Science.

LEWIS, Megan, KAHWATI, Leila, KANE, H., WILLIAMS-PIEHOTA, P., LANCE, T., JONES, K. et.al. (Apr 2011), "Implementation Evaluation of Move! Weight Management Treatment for Veterans: Best Practices Based on a Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41, S69. (melewis@rti.org)

LILIENTHAL, S. and HAGGERTY, Terry R. (6.1993), "Factors Associated With Microcomputer Use in Professional Organizations: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Annual Conference of the North American Society for Sport Management, Edmonton,

MARX, Axel (9.17.2004), "Discovering Actionable Knowledge: Systematic Comparative Case Analysis in Management Research (Slides of Presentation)", paper presented at : International Colloquium on Analyzing Strategic Change in Organizations: Innovative Methods for Management, Bruxelles,

---------- (2008), "Limits to Non-State Market Regulation: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the International Sport Footwear Industry and the Fair Labor Association", Regulation and Governance, 2, 2, 253-273.
Abstract: Non-state market regulation has become a central focus and continues to receive scholarly attention. The present paper provides an assessment of the conditions under which multinational firms join a multi-stakeholder certification initiative. The cases of the Fair labor Association and 17 international sport footwear companies have been selected for this purpose. A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the 17 cases is performed. The paper argues that the combination of sustained NGO pressure and public ownership of a firm is a necessary precondition for firms joining a multi-stakeholder certification initiative. The theoretical and policy implications of this result are discussed.

---------- (2011), Global Governance and Certification. Assessing the Impact of Non-State Market Governance,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (unpublished).

MARX, Axel and DOMBRECHT, Jan (2004), "The Organisational Antecedents of Repetitive Strain Injuries: a Systematic Comparative Case Analysis of Assembly, Sorting and Packaging Jobs", COMPASSS Working Paper, 25, 1-25.
Abstract: The paper presents a specific research-design – systematic comparative case analysis - to analyse the impact of organisational characteristics on individual level outcomes. A systematic comparative case analysis consists of an across case and within case analysis of a limited set of comparable cases. Across case analysis or Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) aims to identify similarities and differences between configurations of explanatory variables. Within case analysis aims to identify the causal mechanisms which link configurations to outcomes. Systematic comparative case analysis is applied to a research question on the organisational antecedents of repetitive strain injuries of the wrist in highly repetitive, non-fragmented and simple jobs. In total, 16 cases (each consisting on average of 15 workers) were analysed.

MARX, Axel and VAN HOOTEGEM, Geert (2007), "Comparative Configurational Case Analysis of Ergonomic Injuries", Journal of Business Research, 60, 5, 522-530.
Abstract: This article presents a specific research-design – systematic comparative case analysis – to analyse the impact of organizational characteristics on the occurrence of ergonomic injuries. A systematic comparative case analysis consists of an across case analysis and a within case analysis of a limited set of comparable cases. Across case analysis or qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) aims to identify similarities and differences between configurations of explanatory variables. Within case analysis aims to identify the causal mechanisms which link configurations to outcomes. Systematic comparative case analysis is applied to a research question on the organizational antecedents of repetitive strain injuries of the wrist in highly repetitive, non-fragmented and simple jobs in the assembling, sorting and packaging industry.

MCDERMOTT, Aoife, KEATING, Mary A., and BEYNON, Malcolm J. (2010), "Achieving Clinician Involvement in Decision-Making and Resource Management: Addressing the Policy-Practice Gap in Clinical Directorates", paper presented at : OBHC Conference, Birmingham, UK,
Abstract: Clinicians are the major resource consumers in hospitals. In Ireland, as internationally, the introduction of clinical directorate (CD) structures has been adopted as a policy to balance clinical decision-making power with financial responsibility. However, recent studies have identified gaps between the espoused benefits of CDs and their impact in practice. As a result, we analyse the structural, management-process and cultural factors associated with the achievement of their primary objectives: clinician involvement in managerial decision-making and resource-management. We employ an innovative methodological technique, qualitative comparative analysis, which enables us to identify the causal relationship between factors and associated outcome(s). Our findings draw attention not alone to the necessary (information) and potentially supporting (clinical directorate structure in place; budgetary devolution; accountability; cross-professional forums and; cultural support) factors associated with clinician involvement in decision-making and resource-management, but to three alternative and causally-equivalent ‘paths’ to achieving these outcomes. We conclude by discussing the policy and practice implications raised.

MCDONALD, William J. (1997), "The Qualitative Comparative Method: Creating International Consumer Segments From a Quantitative Analysis of Personal Interviews", Journal of Segmentation in Marketing, 1, 1, 23-40. (online at : http://www.great-advice.com/art06.html)
Abstract: The work of such sociologists and anthropologists as Heise (1991), Huber and Garcia (1991), Miles and Huberman (1984), Ragin (1987), Richards and Richards (1991a, 1991b), Strauss and Corbin (1990), and Tesch (1990, 1991, 1992) are of particular interest because they have expanded the frontiers of qualitative research through their sophisticated analytical approaches. These innovative methods provide a conceptual and analytical foundation for a linkage between the traditionally disparate research approaches of qualitative and quantitative research. They also allow for the investigation of many cases (or interviews) and the assignment of those cases to segments. This article uses ideas from the aforementioned researchers to create and analyze consumer typologies in a global market context. The value of identifying segments from patterns of information in personal interviews versus the more traditional survey questionnaire approach is discussed. It proceeds by characterizing a segmentation building methodology for the quantitative analysis of qualitative information, describing software for segment creation, and creating examples of consumer typologies to illustrate the methodology.

MUNOZ, Lucio (2009), "Beyond Traditional Sustainable Development: Sustainability Theory and Sustainability Indeces Under Ideal Present-Absent Qualitative Comparative Conditions", Mineria Sustentable, REDESMA, 3, 1,

NI, Ning and YANG, Yu-Hong (2009), "How to Apply Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Competency Modeling", Industrial Engineering and Management, 109-13.
Abstract: Competency is a kind of holistic attribute and beneath the level of perceivable trait and behavior. Traditional modeling method tends to incur mechanical fit between certain behavior and certain competency,or between certain competency and certain mission. This may be caused by limitation of traditional statistical method used in data analyze period. Fortunately, set-theoretic approach can get rid of those limitations. In addition, dislike traditional statistical method, set-theoretic approach needs not large sampling in those complex research designs. This paper introduces the process how to use set-theoretic approach in competency modeling.

NIYUHIRE, Prisca (2011), Contribution ŕ La Connaissance Des Déterminants De L'Endettement Et De La Structure De Financement De La Croissance Des Entreprises Agro-Industrielles Burundaises, Mons, Université de Mons, Faculté Warocqué d'Economie et de Gestion (unpublished).
Abstract: [Contribution to knowledge on the determinants of debt and funding structure of the growth of Burundese agro-industrial companies.

O'NEIL, K. M. (Feb 2008), "Bringing Art to Market: the Diversity of Pricing Styles in a Local Art Market", Poetics, 36, 1, 94-113.
Abstract: This paper examines the pricing of visual art from the perspective of artists themselves. Based on interviews with 53 visual artists, the most common factors involved in pricing decisions are identified: size, expenses, status, market factors, and the artist's own perception of value. Using Correspondence Analysis and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), relationships between the components of pricing decisions are described. First, the analysis reveals that some producers of art take a craft orientation to production and distribution, while others take a fine art approach. These distinct orientations shape pricing decisions. Second, pricing based on an artist's own determination of aesthetic worth tends not to be combined with pricing based on market factors like demand. While patterns of pricing decisions are uncovered, the complexities of actual pricing decisions demonstrate that working artists negotiate lives that blend inst rumental economic activity with creative self-expression, belief in fairness, and community norms both inside and outside the art world.

OLSEN, Wendy and NOMURA, Hisako (06.03.2008/06.05.2008), "Poverty Reduction Vs. Growth Modelling: Methods and Resultts 1992-2002 ", paper presented at : Expert Roundtable on the Study of Strategies of Social Change Using the Method of Qualitative Comparatvie Analysis (QCA), Manchester,

ORDANINI, A. and MAGLIO, P. P. (Aug 2009), "Market Orientation, Internal Process, and External Network: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Key Decisional Alternatives in the New Service Development*", Decision Sciences, 40, 3, 601-625.
Abstract: Scholars from different disciplines acknowledge the importance of studying new service development (NSD), which is considered a central process for sustaining a superior competitive advantage of service firms. Although extant literature provides several important insights into how NSD processes are structured and organized, there is much less evidence on what makes NSD processes successful, that is, capable of contributing to a firm's sales and profits. In other words, which are the decisions that maximize the likelihood of developing successful new services ? Drawing on the emerging "service-dominant logic" paradigm, we address this question by developing an NSD framework with three main decisional nodes: market orientation, internal process organization, and external network. Using a qualitative comparative analysis technique, we discovered combinations of alternatives that maximize likelihood of establishing a successful service innovation. Specifically, we tested our NSD framework in the context of hospitality services and found that successful NSD can be achieved through two sets of decisions. The first one includes the presence of a proactive market orientation (PMO) and a formal top-down innovative process, but the absence of a responsive market orientation. The second one includes the presence of both responsive and PMO and an open innovation model. No single element was a sufficient condition for NSD success, though PMO was a necessary condition. Several implications for theory and decision-making practice are discussed on the basis of our findings.

PAJUNEN, Kalle (2008), "Institutions and Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment: a Fuzzy-Set Analysis", Journal of International Business Studies, 39, 4, 652-669.
Abstract: This study addresses the essential question of causal complexity and diversity related to the influence of institutions on the direct investments (FDI) of multinational enterprises. Using a relatively new methodological approach of fuzzy-set analysis, and 47 host countries from the period 1999 to 2003, the paper analyses how and why countries with different degrees of membership in different institutional constraints either attract or do not attract FDI. The findings show that institutional factors have diverse influences. Similar institutions may even be associated with different outcomes if different regional categories of countries are examined. Countries may neither be attractive nor unattractive owing to the presence or absence of a single institutional factor. Instead, the outcome usually results from a combination of institutional conditions. Moreover, there typically are several possible paths to a specific outcome. The stud y confirms some of the propositions of previous theory, but, most importantly, it explains why earlier research has provided conflicting conclusions related to institutional factors. The study also offers an approach for future international business research to apply fuzzy-set methods and develop mid-range theories.

RAGIN, Charles C. (1994), "A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Pension Systems", in JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 320-345.

RAGIN, Charles C. and BRADSHAW, York W. (1991), "Statistical Analysis of Employment Discrimination : a Review and a Critique", Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 10, 199-228.

RIHOUX, Benoît (2006), "Governmental Participation and the Organisational Adaptation of Green Parties : on Access, Slack, Overload and Distress", European Journal for Political Research, 45, S, s69-s98.

RIZOVA, Polly S. (April 2007), Applying Charles Ragin's Method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to the Study of Technological Innovation (unpublished manuscript).

ROMME, A. G. L. (1995), "Self-Organizing Processes in Top Management Teams : a Boolean Comparative Approach", Journal of Business Research, 34, 1, 11-34.
Abstract: Studies of top management are scattered over a number of separate research traditions. In this study a model of self-organizing processes in top management teams is developed that may stimulate the dialogue between these separate research traditions. This model builds on several theoretical ideas from the field of self-organizing systems, and starts from the logic of process theory (instead of variance theory). The second contribution of this study is describing Boolean comparison as a rigorous method for testing process theories on the basis of qualitative evidence from case studies. In this respect, Boolean comparison may compensate for some of the weaknesses of the conventional approach to comparative case studies by systematically addressing a larger number of cases without forsaking complexity too much. In addition, Boolean comparison systematically structures the hind of dialogue between theory and evidence typically found in comparative case study research. The third contribution is exploring the opportunities and limits of Boolean comparison in the context of an empirical study of self-organizing processes in top management teams, based on the model described earlier. This application of the Boolean method suggests it is an effective analytical technique, as long as it not used mechanically but as an aid to interpretive analysis.

ROSCIGNO, Vincent J. and HODSON, Randy (2004 ), "The Organizational and Social Foundations of Worker Resistance", American Sociological Review, 69, 14-39.

ROUHANA, Rima (2009), The Design of the Performance Monitoring Systems in Hospitals: a Contingent Comparative Approach, Liege, Editions de l'Université de Liege.
Abstract: Our research applies to the healthcare sector which is operating in a period of significant and rapid evolutions since the last thirty years. It investigates the design of the performance monitoring systems in healthcare organizations, in a contingent and comparative perspectives. This contribution summarizes the results of four chapters and uses respectively three methodologies, applied to answer the following “what” and “how” general questions: - What influences the design of the performance monitoring systems adopted in the healthcare organizations? - How does it evolve with the hospital’s attributes evolution? - What are the major internal and external motivations and/or the major barriers that have emphasized and/or limited its evolution? - What is the role of the healthcare players on the hospital’s management? In a contingent perspective, the first chapter, based on macro-economic analysis of the healthcare sector, identifies the increasing need to monitor performance at the hospital entity level. It points out to some social, political, technological and competitive contingent factors that have emerged from the environmental mutations. These contingent factors are then integrated in an original unifying model that is validated via three empirical chapters. - The first chapter is dedicated to the contingent model’s validation in the Belgian healthcare sector. It investigates the link between these variables and the management tools, via an online questionnaire, a test of information and a test of independence. - The second chapter appraises the manager’s perception of uncertainty in volatile environments and analyzes the impact of some contingent factors affecting his decision-making style. It relies on the contingency theory of leadership that is applied to assess the external environmental mutations that are manipulating the organizational attributes (structure, size, level of technology and o wnership). Hence, they are emerging certain situations of uncertainty that shape the managerial choices (“decision style”, autonomy and personal profile) on the adoption of a suitable management system. The methodology is based on a “qualitative comparative approach” of thirty case studies, lead in two heterogeneous environments (Belgium and Lebanon). - The last empirical chapter goes beyond the organizational attributes to investigate the role and impact of the various players who are involved in healthcare organizations. Based on a qualitative approach, we illustrate, for every player, his position within the system. Consequently, we define his culture, intentions, and responsiveness that manipulate the organization’s internal climate and shape the design of the performance monitoring systems. Out of twenty-two case studies, the qualitative findings are expected to add knowledge on the adequate choice of a management system, within three healthcare organizational structures: university, general/university and general hospitals.

ROUHANA, Rima and VAN CAILLIE, Didier (2009), "The Design of the Performance Monitoring System in Hospitals: Managers’ Perception of Uncertainty in Volatile Environments",
Abstract: In a period of significant and rapid changes, an hospital is in pursuit of providing better services through delivering the best quality of care at low costs (Kimberly and Zajac, 1985; Starr, 1982; WHO, 2000). From a macroeconomic point of view, nations, despite their diversity, are facing an increase of health care spending at a faster rate than national wealth. This increase is resuming due to many factors such as the higher household revenues, the aging of the population, the appearance of new disabling illnesses, etc. (Nolte et al., 2003). As a consequence, governments are developing rationalized policies that aim to better manage the rise in health spending, in an attempt to better manage the shift of the supply (resources supply) and the demand for healthcare services. Since, once these factors occur, the cycle of the hospital’s entity (organization) is disturbed; hence, actions must be taken to correct deviations (Anthony, 1965; Drucker, 1955; Daft and Macintosh, 1984; Koontz and O'Donnell, 1976). Monitoring the hospital’s performance appears then evolving over time, to a reform in pursuit of more efficiency. In this perspective, the hospital’s top managements are designing their management control systems (MCSs) to help their organizations combining three potentially divergent conceptual approaches: a “customer” one, an “economic” one and a “budgetary” one, to achieve a leading positioning. Given that, today’s hospital performance is expected to include elements of community care and public health, as well as the social and the employment functions. Management control is thus becoming increasingly complex across the healthcare industry. From integrated patient care, to reducing costs and keeping stuff up-to-date, hospital’s administrators are using many dissimilar systems (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1977; Roemer and Schonik, 1973) to manage and stimulate performance (Robson, 2003). Dedicated to this subject, we rely on the concept of monitoring performance and the contingency theory (the notion of creating an equilibrium of fit in organizations), to appraise the manager’s perception of uncertainty in volatile environments (Galbraith 1977). From this starting point, the first prime interest of our study is then to analyze the impact of several contingent factors on the manager’s decision making concerning the design of a suitable MCS, in a hospital context. Consistent with each variable, we then elaborate our hypotheses, in the second part of this communication, while considering the assets and the limits of the contemporary systems versus the traditional tools already in use within hospitals. We finally investigate the manager’s choice while resting on the qualitative/quantitative comparative approach (QQCA) of thirty case studies, lead in two different environments (Belgium and Lebanon).

SCHNEIDER, M. R., SCHULZE-BENTROP, C., and PAUNESCU, M. (2010), "Mapping the Institutional Capital of High-Tech Firms: a Fuzzy-Set Analysis of Capitalist Variety and Export Performance", Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 2, 246-266.
Abstract: We examine how institutional configurations, not single institutions, provide companies with institutional capital. Building on the varieties-of-capitalism approach, it is argued that competitive advantage in high-tech industries with radical innovation may be supported by combinations of certain institutional conditions: lax employment protection, weak collective bargaining coverage, extensive university training, little occupational training, and a large stock market. Furthermore, multinational enterprises engage in "institutional arbitrage'': they allocate their activities so as to benefit from available institutional capital. These hypotheses are tested on country-level data for 19 OECD economies in the period 1990 to 2003. A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis yields several interesting findings. A high share of university graduates and a large stock market are complementary institutions leading to strong export performa nce in high-tech. Employment protection is neither conducive nor harmful to export performance in high-tech. A high volume of cross-border mergers and acquisitions, as a form of institutional arbitrage leading to knowledge flows, acts as a functional equivalent to institutions that support knowledge production in the home economy. Implications of these findings for theory, policy, and the analysis of firm-level behavior are developed.

SCHNEIDER, P. and SADOWSKI, D. (May 2010), "The Impact of New Public Management Instruments on Phd Education", Higher Education, 59, 5, 543-565.
Abstract: New public governance emphasises less state, more market and more hierarchy as the cornerstones for effective steering of higher education institutions. Based on an explorative analysis of qualitative and quantitative data of fourteen German and European economics departments, we investigate the steering effects of six new public management instruments in the years 2001 and 2002 on subsequent placement success of PhD graduates. Using crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to analyse the data, our results deliver strong support for the positive effects of competition for resources and the varying effects of hierarchy on PhD education. Governance of successful departments is characterised by two solutions: transparency over academic achievements as one single success factor in each solution or a combination of additional funding based on national competitive performance with either no public policy regulations for departments or n o university regulations for departments. Governance of unsuccessful departments is characterised by one solution: university regulations for departments or a combination of no additional funding based on national competitive performance and no transparency over academic achievements. Our results strengthen the strong impact of selected competitive mechanisms as an effective governance instrument and the partially detrimental effects of state regulations. University regulations turn out to be successful if they increase transparency over academic achievements by faculty members. Success is unlikely if those rules intervene into PhD education.

SCHRUM, Wesley and CHOMPALOV, Ivan (10.22.1998/10.25.1998), "A Typology of Multi-Institutional Collaborations in Science", paper presented at : History of Science Society Annual Meeting, Kansas City. (abstract at : http://depts.washington.edu/hssexec/annual/1998/abstracts98p6.html)
Abstract: The paper presents an attempt at constructing a typology of multi-institutional collaborations in science, focusing on such arrangements in the physical sciences. It examines the sociological aspects of the emergence, development, and relative success of cooperative arrangements that involve three or more organizations. Data from a long-term study of multi-institutional collaborations are used to typologize inter-organization formations in high-energy physics, space science, geophysics, ground-based astronomy, and a variety of other research fields. Using cluster analysis and qualitative comparative analysis, collaborative projects are characterized along several dimensions: magnitude, composition, organization, centralization and power, participation, communication patterns, inter personal and professional relations, data acquisition, and archival practices.

SEROR, A. C. (2002), "Internet Infrastructures and Health Care Systems: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis on Networks and Markets in the British National Health Service and Kaiser Permanente", Journal of Medical Internet Research, 4, 3,
Abstract: Background: The Internet and emergent telecommunications infrastructures are transforming the future of health care management. The costs of health care delivery systems, products, and services continue to rise everywhere, but performance of health care delivery is associated with institutional and ideological considerations as well as availability of financial and technological resources. Objective: To identify the effects of ideological differences on health care market infrastructures including the Internet and telecommunications technologies by a comparative case analysis of two large health care organizations: the British National Health Service and the California-based Kaiser Permanente health maintenance organization. Methods: A qualitative comparative analysis focusing on the British National Health Service and the Kaiser Permanente health maintenance organization to show how system infrastructures vary according to market d ynamics dominated by health care institutions ("push") or by consumer demand ("pull"). System control mechanisms may be technologically embedded, institutional, or behavioral. Results: The analysis suggests that telecommunications technologies and the Internet may contribute significantly to health care system performance in a context of ideological diversity. Conclusions: The study offers evidence to validate alternative models of health care governance: the national constitution model, and the enterprise business contract model. This evidence also suggests important questions for health care policy makers as well as researchers in telecommunications, organizational theory, and health care management.

SKOKO, H. and CERIC, A. (2010), "Evaluation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Models of Adoption and Use in Saudi Arabian Smes", Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies, 510-519.
Abstract: There has been no research done on how SMEs are adopting and use ICT in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In particular, which factors are influencing the implementation and use of ICT and how those factors impact a firm's performance. The aim of this study is to address this gap through an exploration of the sufficient and necessary factors associated with adoption and use of ICT in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's SMEs. Significance of the project is founded on premises that SMEs are the main developing and an economy's diversifying factor and that adoption and use of ICT represents the fundamental source of competitiveness and the basis for SMEs survival in the world market Following its significance, the authors set the following general objectives: To develop the ICT adoption model for the KSA SMEs, To evaluate intensity of factors influencing the ICT use, To design the Map of Interactions, To establish the Map of the Performance influ encing factors. In this study authors are applying the original two-stage multidisciplinary qualitative-comparative analysis and the systems theory methods to achieve the objectives: to develop the ICT adoption model for the KSA SMEs (applying the QCA). to evaluate the complex and dynamic interactions between organisational context, users, ICT and the environment (applying the Systems Theory methodsSTM). Outcomes of this study are comprehensive arrays of recommendations for policy makers, economic development, a firm's performance improvement, and increased use of ICT in a company.

SKOKO, Hazbo, KRIVOKAPIC-SKOKO, Branka, SKARE, Marinko, and CERIC, Arnela (2006), "ICT Adoption Policy of Australian and Croatian SMEs", Managing Global Transitions, 4, 1, 25-40.
Abstract: Many smes are currently adopting information and communication technology (ict) and services based on it. However, there is little systematic research into how they are doing this and what are the organisational and environmental factors associated with this adoption. In this article, the authors build the model of ict adoption in Australian and Croatian smes, founded on premises that smes are the main economic developing factor in all modern economies and that the adoption and the use of ict represents the fundamental source of competitiveness and the basis for their survival on the world market. By applying Qualitative Comparative Analysis (qca) and Boolean algebra, the authors developed a model of necessary and sufficient factors for ict adoption by smes in Australia and Croatia.

SOULLIERE, Danielle M. (9.2005), "Pathways to Attrition: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Justifications for Police Designations of Sexual Assault Complaints ", The Qualitative Report, 10, 3, 416-438.
Abstract: The present analysis is a reframing of an earlier study conducted by the author to compensate for perceived deficiencies in previous studies on police decisions in sexual assault complaints. Specifically, qualitative comparative analysis was employed at the micro-social level to reveal justification scenarios, employed by investigating officers, which resulted in attrition at the police level. It was found that police employed the legal model in justifying “unfounded” designations while police employed both legal and extralegal models in justifying designations of “departmental discretion.” Further research, expanding the database through interviews and participant observation, is necessary to fully explore justification scenarios for police designations of sexual assault complaints. Key Words: Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA, Sexual Assault, and Police Decision-Making .

SPAGNOLETTI, Paolo (2010), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis for Conducting Multiple Case Study Research: Concept and Discussion", Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 10, 95,
Abstract: We aim to make a contribution by deepening the understanding on how Qualitative Comparative Analysis methods can be applied for theory building in multiple-case studies when the relationship between Information Technology and organizations is investigated. In our presentation, we will outline a research design using qualitative comparative analysis, show one example of applying the method in the field of eHealth research, and discuss the pros and cons of our methodological choice.

SPENCER, J. H. (Win 2008), "Household Strategies for Securing Clean Water the Demand for Piped Water in Vietnam's Peri-Urban Settlements", Journal of Planning Education and Research, 28, 2, 213-224.
Abstract: To date, there have been relatively few studies of small-scale providers of water in developing countries, though they are seen to be important players in peri-urban water supply systems. This paper uses the case of small-scale providers in Can Tho, Vietnam, to examine competition in local water markets, and how piped water compares with a range of lower-quality traditional sources. Although previous studies have usefully employed contingent valuation to estimate the demand for low quality, the evidence provided here estimates demand based on actual household choices regarding water of differing qualities and prices. Using an original household survey, the paper assesses the comparative advantages regarding costs, uses, and perceived advantages/challenges of each source. Findings suggest that household demand for piped water exists, but not on a sufficient scale to obviate more traditional sources, even though it is surprisingly aff ordable when compared to what residents pay for natural sources. Findings also suggest that the main perceived advantage of the piped system is not for its hygienic quality, but for aesthetic characteristics such as taste, smell, and color. Scholars might continue to pursue research in situations where households are not limited in their ability to choose water sources of varying qualities.

SPITZLINGER, Roland (2006), Mixed Method Research - Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Scholarly Papers Series, Vienna, Vienna University of Economics and Business .
Abstract: Traditionally most social researchers either employ purely qualitative or quantitative methods, even though a mixed method strategy may promise better results. The present paper introduces Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as a mixed method alternative for data analysis. It may be of particular value when dealing with small-n case studies, which typically do not permit profound statistical testing. QCA enables researchers to filter those variables or combinations of variables that empirically result in (and possibly explain) a certain outcome. As such, the method can also be used to analyze the impact of social networks on companies’ innovation performance and promises valuable new insights in the field.

STATZ, Jochen (2000), Entwicklungspotenziale der Nutzung von Nicht-Holz-Waldprodukten. Perspektiven für ein neues Handlungsfeld der forstlichen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit in Paraguay und Bolivien [Potenciales de desarrollo en la utilización de productos no maderables del bosque. Perspectivas para un nuevo campo de acción de la Cooperación al Desarrollo Forestal en Paraguay y Bolivia] [Non-timber forest products and development co-operation : perceptions and strategies of decision makers], TÖB FTWF-22d, Eschborn, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).
Abstract: (pp. 59 ff. : QCA) A PhD-study published recently at the University of Freiburg/Germany looks into potential benefits of NTFP-based forest use. In two South American countries it analyses how decision-makers involved in national development policy and international development co-operation perceive this potential. (...) For further analysis of the verbal data, a Qualitative Comparative Analysis was carried out, an analytical tool developed for comparative social science research by Ragin. As a result key features of strategies to promote NTFP trade were determined and then combined with each other. The interviewed experts saw a number of combinations as promising for the promotion of NTFPs, each being a very specific combination of the strategic elements listed above. Amongst them, economic success in the marketing of NTFPs appears to be crucial, yet only if accompanied by a political and economic setting committed to "sustainable d evelopment". The analysis of the verbal data reveals that none of the five approaches is seen as sufficient or necessary in itself for a successful promotion of NTFPs. All of them can lead to success if combined with certain other characteristics, yet can lead to undesirable results if combined with others. To cite an example, introducing NTFPs to international markets is not seen as beneficial per se. It is rather the specific combination with other approaches (in some cases even their absence) that is expected to result in societal development. [also available in Spanish at : http://www.gtz.de/toeb/pdf/TOEB_Potenciales_de_desarrollo_en_la_utilizacion_de_productos_no_maderables_del_bosque.pdf].

VALLIERE, D., NI, N., and WISE, S. (2008), The Journal of Private Equity, 11, 2, 60-72.
Abstract: Valliere, Ni, & Wise (2008) investigated 40 acquisitions of Canadian and US high-technology firms for the effects of ‘prior relationships’ between buyer and target firm on the purchase price, finding that specific combinations of prior relationship type are positively associated with higher prices. The authors note that one way to reduce information asymmetry is the exchange of private information prior to any proposal: ‘… commitment is enhanced by trust’ (p. 61).

VEENIS, Else (11.2000), 'Als het bedrijf er maar niet te veel last van heeft'. De invloed van het ouderschapsbeleid en de ouderschapscultuur van supermarkten en boekhandels op de combinatieproblemen van mannelijke en vrouwelijke werknemers met jonge kinderen ['As long as it isn't too much trouble for the firm'. The impact of family policy and family culture on employees with young children in supermarkets and book trade], Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht (unpublished). (ISBN : 90-393-2589-8. Online at : http://www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/diss/1938675/full.pdf))

VIS, Barbara, WOLDENDORP, Jaap, and KEMAN, Hans (2007), "Do Miracles Exist? Analysing Economic Performance Comparatively", Journal of Business Research, 60, 531-538.

WEINBERG, Adam S. (1997), "Local Organizing for Environmental Conflict. Explaining Differences Between Cases of Participation and Nonparticipation", Organization and Environment, 19, 2, 194-216.
Abstract: Grassroots groups continue to compose a large part of the environmental movement in the United States. In this article, I examine 41 attempts by grassroots groups to work with the Sierra Club to participate in local environmental conflicts. I argue that the difference between those groups who participated in a local conflict and those groups who were unable to participate in a conflict can be explained by the ability of a group to mobilize resources, gain access to information, create ties to other participants, control the framing of a conflict, and sustain these four factors across the duration of the conflict. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, I argue that having resources and information is useful for participation but not sufficient to guarantee participation. Ultimately, participation occurs when local groups have ties with other participants in the conflict and/or the ability to control the framing of the conflict.

WINAND, Mathieu (01.29.2008), "Approche QCA des conditions de la performance organisationnelle des fédérations sportives de la Communauté française de Belgique", paper presented at : Séminaire Qualitative Comparative Analysis , Dijon,

---------- (2009), Déterminants de la performance organisationnelle des fédérations sportives: une analyse comparée des ligues sportives de la Communauté française de Belgique, Louvain-la-Neuve, UCL (unpublished).

WINAND, Mathieu, RIHOUX, Benoît, QUALIZZA, David, and ZINTZ, Thierry (2011, forthcoming), "Combinations of Key Determinants of Performance in Sport Governing Bodies", Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal,
Abstract: Purpose : This study focuses on possible combinations of the key determinants of high performance in sport governing bodies (SGBs) which go well beyond the net effects of independent variables.
Design/methodology/approach :
The research focused on 18 sport governing bodies from the French speaking Community of Belgium (CSGBs). Their strategic goals are emphasized and their potential determinants of performance are measured and assessed. Due to the small N-sample and the causal complexity inherent in this research, a crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) was performed.
Findings :
Three generic combinations of the key determinants linked with high performance were highlighted. The first was high performing CSGBs that provide innovative activities for their membership and are proactive in elite sport services. The second was other high performing CSGBs of large size that involve paid staff in decision making processes and also develop innovative activities. The third was small sized governing bodies which, although they do not have extensive resources, could perform highly when they relied on volunteer leaders and delegates activities they were not able to deliver.
Research limitations/implications:
Due to country and sport specificities, these results may not be generalized to all SGBs. Nevertheless, it is possible to argue that when trying to understand the performance of such complex nonprofit sport organizations, researchers and practitioners need to take into account combinations of factors, rather than independent performance variables.
Originality/value:
Using an innovative mixed method design dealing with causal complexity – Qualitative Comparative Analysis –, this study highlights combinations of factors observed in high performing SGBs.

WINAND, Mathieu and ZINTZ, Thierry (07.2008), "Theoretical Method to Analyse Conditions of Organizational Performance Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The Case of the Sports Leagues From the French Speaking Community of Belgium", paper presented at : 24th EGOS Colloqium, Vrije University of Amsterdam,
Abstract: Organizations wish to increase their performance in achieving their goals. But how can organizations make their way towards high performance? We focus on the 56 sports leagues from the French speaking Community of Belgium. We develop a model to measure the organizational performance of these sports leagues. It enables us to isolate and measure their final goals (top sport, sport for all and customers final goals). Our aim is to use Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to identify which combinations of conditions lead to high achievement of their final goals which constitute together high organizational performance. In order to confirm our hypothesis, we have selected 18 sports leagues covering different sizes, sports objectives and levels of performance. We describe the QCA approach and technique that will allow us to emphasize these key conditions of organizational performance.

---------- (11.10.2008), "Exploratory Analysis of the Organizational Performance of Sports Governing Bodies Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The Case of the Sports Leagues From the French Speaking Community of Belgium", paper presented at : PhD Conference in Business Economics and Management, The Netherlands,

WINAND, Mathieu, ZINTZ, Thierry, RIHOUX, Benoît, and QUALIZZA, David (09.16.2009/09.19.2009), "Pathways to High Performance Sport Governing Bodies", paper presented at : European Association of Sport Management Conference, The Netherlands,

ZEKIC, Marijana (1998), Neural Network Applications in Stock Market Predictions. A Methodology Analysis (unpublished manuscript). (http://oliver.efos.hr/hrv/nastavnici/mzekic/mzekic_varazdin98.pdf)

ZINTZ, Thierry and WINAND, Mathieu (2011, forthcoming), Handbook of Research on Sport and Business : Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Sport Governing Bodies, Berlin, Edward Elgar.

ZINTZ, Thierry, WINAND, Mathieu, RIHOUX, Benoît, and ROBINSON, Leigh (2011, revise & resubmit), "Pathways to High Performance", Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly ,