COMParative methods for the Advancement of Systematic cross-case analysis and Small-n Studies
International ressource site
NEWS: training, meetings, publications
Didactics: Boolean algebra and QCA logic
CCM Textbook
Small N approach (general discussion)
1. ABELL, Peter. "Foundations for a Qualitative Comparative Method." International Review of Social History 34.1 (1989): 103-09.
2. ACKRÉN, Maria. "A Summary of Comparing Comparisons: Territorial Autonomies in the Light of Alternative Methods." International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences.
3. ALASUUTARI, Pertti. "Beyond the Qualitative-Quantitative Distinction: Crosstabulation in Qualitative Research." International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 2 (1995): 251-68.
4. ---. "Boolen algebra ja radion kuuntelu [Boolean algebra and listening to the radio]." Sosiologia 30.3 (1993): 216.
5. ---. Laadullinen tutkimus [Qualitative research]. 2nd revised ed. Tampere: Vastapaino, 1994.
6. ---. Researching Culture. Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies. London: Sage, 1995.
7. AMENTA, Edwin. "Making the Most of a Case Study : Theories of the Welfare State and the American Experience." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 172-94.
8. AMENTA, Edwin, and Jane Duss POULSEN. "Where to Begin : a Survey of Five Approaches to Selecting Independent Variables for Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 22-53.
9. AMOROSO, Lisa M., and Charles C. RAGIN. "Individual and Institutional Employment Patterns." Quarterly Journal of Economic Research .1 (1999).
10. ANONYMOUS. "Two-Level Theories and Fuzzy-Set Logic.", 2003.
11. ARFI, Badredine. "Complex Causality in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Logic Approach." APSA 2004 Annual Meeting: 2004.
12. ---. "Fuzzy Decision Making in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Set Approach (LFSA)." Political Analysis (2005).
13. AUS, Jonathan P. "Conjunctural Causation in Comparative Case-Oriented
Research." Quality and Quantity (2007): DOI: 10.1007/s11135-007-9104-4.
Abstract: This article highlights one of the major benefits of qualitative
comparative methodology as applied within a “small-N” research
design, namely its potential use for specifying the scope conditions of
(theoretically competing) causal mechanisms. It is argued that the identification
of set-theoretic relationships, multiple paths, and analytic efforts in
typological mapping can make valuable contributions to the elaboration
and further development of middle-range theory.
14. AYRTON, Robert. "Analyse en termes d'ensembles flous et son application dans l'étude des modes de mise en oeuvre cantonales de la LACI.", 2002.
15. BALTHASAR, Andreas.
16. BAZELEY, Pat. "Computer Monitor: The Bricoleur With a Computer:
Piecing Together Qualitative and Quantitative Data." Qualitative
Health Research 9.2 (1999): 279-87.
Abstract: The researcher as bricoleur will gather whatever data is at
hand, experimenting and exploring to find answers to the questions he
or she has set. With computer in hand and new tools
available, the researcher can readily combine data types, moving beyond
complementarity and simple triangulation. Data may be transferred in either
or both directions between
NUD•IST (a program to assist the analysis of qualitative data) and
a spreadsheet or statistical package. Thus, analysis and interpretation
are enriched, and new ways of thinking about
data are laid open. Such techniques inevitably challenge traditional assumptions
about particular methods. But perhaps in the final analysis, all methods,
other than those employed in
reductionist, hypothesis testing experiments, are essentially interpretive.
17. BECKER, Howard S. Les ficelles du métier. Un guide de recherche en sciences sociales. Paris: La Découverte, 2002.
18. ---. Tricks of the Trade: How to Think About Your Research While You'Re Doing It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
19. BEFANI, Barbara. "La Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) e la valutazione basata sulla teoria: un connubio possibile." Rassegna Italiana Di Valutazione 2 (2004).
20. BENNETT, Andrew. "Case Study Methods: Design, Use, and Comparative Advantages." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 19-55.
21. ---. "Causal Inference in Case Studies: From Mill's Methods to Causal Mechanisms." American Political Science Association Conference: 1999.
22. ---. "Qualitative Research Methods (Course Syllabus, Georgetown
University).", 2001.
Abstract: The central goal of the seminar is to enable students to create
and critique methodologically sophisticated case study research designs
in the social sciences. To do so, the seminar will explore the techniques,
uses, strengths, and limitations of case study methods, while emphasizing
the relationships among these methods, alternative methods, and contemporary
debates in the philosophy of science. The research examples used to illustrate
methodological issues will be drawn from international relations, comparative
politics, and American politics. However, the methodological content of
the course is also applicable to the study of history, sociology, and
economics.
23. BENNETT, Andrew, and Alexander L. GEORGE. "An Alliance of Statistical and Case Study Methods : Research on the Interdemocratic Peace." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 5-.
24. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "Comparative Studies - Method and Design." International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. eds Neil J. SMELSER and Paul B. BALTES. Pergamon: Oxford, 2001. 2427-33.
25. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-2: Macro-Quantitative
Vs. Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical
Theories of Democracy.", 2002.
Abstract: There are some new attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative
and qualitative methods in the social sciences. My paper explicitely illustrates
and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant
analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented
methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done
by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy
such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the
specific strengths and weakenesses of the respective methods and theories
are demonstrated.
26. ---. "Macro-Quantitative Vs Macro-Qualitative Methods in the
Social Sciences - Testing Empirical Theories of Democracy." Colloque
de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire de
la politique comparée au 21eme siecle" Atelier 2:outils méthodologiques:
2002.
Abstract: There are some few attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative
and qualitative methods in the social sciences. This paper explicitely
illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster,
or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented
methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done
by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy
such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the
specific strenghts and weaknesses of the respective methods and theories
are demonstrated.
27. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "Makro-qualitative vergleichende Methoden." Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. eds Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER and Ferdinand MÜLLER-ROMMEL. 3rd ed. Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997. 67-88.
28. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "Review of: "L'Analyse Quali-Quantitative Comparée (AQQC-QCA)" (G. De Meur & B. Rihoux, Louvain-La-Neuve: Academia Bruylant, 2002. 175 Pp.)." European Sociological Review 20.2 (2004): 162-65.
29. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Gisèle DE MEUR. "Reduction of Complexity for a Small-n Analysis: a Stepwise Multi-Methodological Approach." Comparative Social Research 16 (1997): 133-62.
30. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Ferdinand MÜLLER-ROMMEL, eds. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. 3rd ed. Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997.
31. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Sven QUENTER. "Macro-Quantitative Versus Macro-Qualitative Methods in Political Science. Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparative Procedures Using the Welfare-State Theory As an Example." Historical Social Research 21.1 (1996): 3-25.
32. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, Charles RAGIN, and Benoît RIHOUX. "Configurational Comparative Analysis (CCA) As an Approach." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.
33. BERNARD, H. Russell, and Gery RYAN. "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Text Analysis." Hand-Book of Method in Cultural Anthropology. ed. H. Russell BERNARD. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Books, 1998. ?? online at : http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/txtana.html.
34. ---. "Text Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods." Handbook of Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology. ed H. Russel BERNARD. ??: Sage, 1998. 595-641. online at : http://www.analytictech.com/mb870/bernard_ryan_text_analysis.pdf.
35. BERNHARD, Michael. "Seminar : Comparative Methods (Course Syllabus).", 2001.
36. BOLLEN, Kenneth A., Barbara ENTWISLE, and Arthur S. ALDERSON. "Macrocomparative Research Methods." Annual Review of Sociology 19 (1993): 321-51.
37. BOSWELL, Terry, and Cliff BROWN. "The Scope of General Theory. Methods for Linking Deductive and Inductive Comparative History." Sociological Methods and Research 28.2 (1999): 154-85.
38. BOWMAN, Kirk, Fabrice LEHOUCQ, and James MAHONEY. "Measuring
Political Democracy. Case Expertise, Data Adequacy, and Central America."
Comparative Political Studies 38.8 (2005): 939-70.
Abstract: Recent writings concerning measurement of political democracy
offer sophisticated discussions of problems of conceptualization, operationalization,
and aggregation. Yet they have less to say about the error that derives
from the use of inaccurate, partial, or misleading data sources. Drawing
on evidence from five Central American countries, the authors show this
data-induced measurement error compromises the validity of the principal,
long-term cross-national scales of democracy. They call for an approach
to index construction that relies on case expertise and use of a wide
range of data sources, and they employ this approach in developing an
index of political democracy for the Central American countries during
the 20th century. The authors’index draws on a comprehensive set
of secondary and primary sources as it rigorously pursues standards of
conceptualization, operationalization, and aggregation. The index’s
value is illustrated by showing how it suggests new lines of research
in the field of Central American politics.
39. BRADY, Henry E. "Data-Set Observations Versus Casual-Process Observations: The 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 267-314.
40. BRITT, D. W. A Conceptual Introduction to Modeling: Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.
41. BROWN, Cliff, and Terry BOSWELL. "Strikebreaking or Solidarity in the Great Steel Strike of 1919: A Split Labor Market, Game-Theoretic, and QCA Analysis." American Journal of Sociology 100.6 (1995): 1479-519.
42. BYRNE, Dave, and Wendy OLSEN. "Focusing on the Case in Quantitative and Qualitative Research.", 2004. 11 pp.
43. CAREN, Neal, and Aaron PANOFSKY. "TQCA. A Technique for Adding Temporality to Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Sociological Methods & Research 2.34 (2005): 147-72.
44. CARROLL, Eero. "The Clear and Present Danger of 'Globaloney'
Industry. Globalization Concepts in Welfare Research and Social Opinion
Pieces Since 1995." Global Social Policy 3.2 (2003): 195-211.
Abstract: To what extent is globalization given an institutionally elaborated
definition in studies on its welfare, welfare state and/or
social policy impacts published since 1995? And, is it seen to inhibit
or stimulate welfare (state) development? These questions are addressed
through a study sample (N = 161) from the International Bibliography of
the Social Sciences, subjected to combinatory analysis similar to
qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) using a pre-typological classification
of definition components. Disaggregated definitions
oriented to relations and actors (most often trade and/or competition
as well as international organizations) coincide with polarized welfare
(state) impacts, envisioned or real, of globalization. Positive overall
globalization impacts are rare in this literature. Mixed or zero impacts
claims are more common in studies including an arena-related component
(often global market integration) in defining globalization,
possibly indicating less determinism in views thereof, but also conventionalism
in perspectives on markets. Future research needs
more methodological rigour and scepticism of overgeneralized assertions
on globalization’s impacts.
45. CAUTRES, Bruno. "Analyse cross-nationale des données
d'enquetes. Quelques vieux problèmes récurrents." Colloque
de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée Faire de la politique
comparée au 21ème siècle: 2002.
Abstract: = L'analyse comparative des attitudes et comportements politiques
a connu au cours des trois dernières décennies d'importants
développements. Un certain nombre de programmes internationaux
ou européens de collectes d'enquetes par sondages ont vu au cours
de cette période (les enquetes sur les Valeurs des européens,
l'Intenational Social Survey Programme). L'un des objectifs importants
de cette contribution sera de porter un regard, parfois critique, sur
les apports et les limites de ces enquetes à l'analyse politique
comparative. Il serait notamment intéressant de procéder
à une évaluation de ces programmes d'enquetes et des résultats
des travaux qui en sont issus à l'aune des bilans que les auteurs
des années 60 et 70 tiraient eux-memes.
Par bien des aspects en effet, il semble qu'il faille, malgré les
importants progrès réalisés dans l'organisation internationale
de la recherche et l'apparition de dispositifs opérationnels de
collecte de données, revenir sur un certain nombre de vieux problèmes
parfois en voie de résolution, parfois non...
L'objectif de cette communication est de proposer un balisage de ces vieux
problèmes et des solutions offertes par l'analyse des données
elles-memes.
46. CHANSON, G., et al. "La place de l’analyse qualitative comparée en sciences de gestion." Finance Contrôle Stratégie 3.8 (2005): 29-50.
47. CLÉMENT, Caty. "A QCA Analysis of State Collapse.", 2001.
48. COLINO, César. "Método comparativo." Diccionario crítico de ciencias sociales. Terminología científico-social - aproximación crítica. ed. Roman REYES. Madrid: =Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2000. ?? online at : http://www.ucm.es/info/eurotheo/d-colino1.htm.
49. COLLIER, David. "Letter From the President. Comparative Method in the 1990s." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 1-4.
50. COLLIER, David, Henry E. BRADY, and Jason SEAWRIGHT. "Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. eds. David COLLIER and Henry E. BRADY. Boulder, CO and Berkeley: Roman & Littlefield and Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2003.
51. COLLIER, David, Henry E BRADY, and Jason SEAWRIGHT. "Sources of Leverage in Casual Inference: Toward an Alternative View of Methodology." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 229-66.
52. COLLIER, David, and James E. MAHON. "Conceptual "Stretching" Revisited: Adpating Categories in Comparative Analysis." Amercian Political Science Review 87.4 (1993): 845-55.
53. COOPER, Barry. "Using Crisp and Fuzzy Set QCA to Explore the Meritocacy in Britain" Debate: Some Initial Analyses.", 2004.
54. COVERDILL, James E., William FINLAY, and Jack K. MARTIN. "Labor Management in the Southern Textile Industry : Comparing Qualitative, Quantitative, and Qualitative Comparative Analyses." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 54-85.
55. CRONQVIST, Lasse. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-14: Presentation
of TOSMANA: Adding Multi-Value Variables and Visual Aids to QCA.",
2003. 17 pp.
Abstract: In this presentation the TOSMANA (Tool for Small-N Analysis)
software is described. TOSMANA is a tool for case-based comparative analysis,
implementing existing techniques as Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
as well as new approaches for macro-qualitative comparative analysis.
The different parts of TOSMANA are explained and some ideas on further
development are introduced.
56. ---. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-20: Presentation of TOSMANA:
Adding Multi-Value Variables and Visual Aids to QCA.", 2004. 17 pp.
Abstract: In this presentation the TOSMANA (Tool for Small-N Analysis)
software is described. TOSMANA is a tool for case-based comparative analysis,
implementing existing techniques as Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
as well as new approaches for macro-qualitative comparative analysis.
The different parts of TOSMANA are explained and some ideas on further
development are introduced.
57. ---. "Extending the QCA Approach With Multi-Value Scales."
2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in
Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel
"Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications": 2003.
Abstract: QCA is increasingly receiving attention by social science researchers,
but as the number of publications using the method rises, the main limitations
of QCA, the necessity to use dichotomized variables and the deterministic
algorithms of the QCA software, are being exposed. In my paper I want
to present an extension of QCA with Multi-Value sets, allowing the researcher
to use more finely graded scales with QCA instead of only using dichotomous
sets.
An introduction to MVQCA (Multi-Value QCA) is given, mainly the origin
of MVQCA and the difference to QCA will be explained. The method will
be demonstrated by comparing strictly dichotomous data set calculations
with a multi value data set minimization. Then the range of data sets
which are possible to deal with in QCA, MVQCA and FS/QCA will be discussed,
including the possibility to abandon the deterministic nature of Boolean
minimization by giving special attention to configurations almost only
representing cases with identical outcomes, which could extend the use
of (MV)QCA to more-than-small size Ns. Also some of the shortages of the
Fuzzy Set approach will be mentioned (problematic probabilistic calculations,
mixing fuzzy and non fuzzy variables).
58. ---. Introduction to Multi-Value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (MVQCA): 1903.
59. ---. " Introduction to Multi-Value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (MVQCA), COMPASSS Didactics Paper Nr. 4 .", 2005.
60. ---. "Presentation of TOSMANA: Adding Multi-Value Variables
and Visual Aids to QCA." COMPASSS Launching Conference: 2004.
Abstract: In this presentation the TOSMANA (Tool for Small-N Analysis)
software is described. TOSMANA is a tool for case-based comparative analysis,
implementing existing techniques as Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
as well as new approaches for macro-qualitative comparative analysis.
The different parts of TOSMANA are explained and some ideas on further
development are introduced.
61. CRONQVIST, Lasse, and Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER. "Multi-Value QCA (MVQCA)." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.
62. CURCHOD, Corentin. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-3: La méthode
comparative en sciences de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale
de la réalité managériale.", 2002. 26p.
Abstract: =Cet article présente une méthode de recherche
quasi-expérimentale: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative.
Cette méthode permet de rendre compte de la complexité des
phénomènes de gestion, comme les études de cas qualitatives,
tout en offrant une technique de traitement de données fondée
sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes
statistiques, la généralisation des résultats au-delà
des cas observés. Elle pousse à réconcilier les deux
types d'approches dominantes en sciences de gestion, qualitatives et quantitatives,
trop souvent en rupture, et encourage le chercheur à maintenir
un dialogue constant entre les cas réels compris en profondeur
et les idées issues de théories existantes. Nous discutons
des opportunités nombreuses qu'offre la méthode comparative
en science de gestion pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes
de management, sans pour autant la placer au-dessus des autres méthodes
ni la considérer comme révolutionnaire.
63. CURCHOD, Corentin. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-4: Diversity-Oriented
Research. Between Complexity and Generality.", 2002. 11 pp.
Abstract: Warning
This paper is NOT a working paper. This is a few notes I took while reading
Charles Ragin's book on Fuzzy-Set (Ragin [2000]. "Fuzzy-Set Social
Science", Chicago: The University of Chicago Press). I also selected
a few quotations from the book, which seem useful to me. They appear in
the text with a left borderline. Please do not quote this document, and
check the original book before reusing quotations.
Avertissement
Ce papier N'EST PAS un working paper. Il s'agit de quelques notes prises
pendant la lecture de l'ouvrage de Charles Ragin concernant les ensembles
flous (Ragin [2000]. "Fuzzy-Set Social Science", Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press). J'ai également sélectionné
dans l'ouvrage quelques citations qui me semblaient utiles. Elles apparaissent
dans le texte qui suit avec une bordure à gauche. Ne pas citer
ce document, et vérifier l'ouvrage original avant de réutiliser
les citations.
64. ---. "Faits et idées en management stratégique.", 2001.
65. CURCHOD, Corentin. "La méthode comparative en sciences
de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité
managériale." Finance Contrôle Stratégie 6.2
(2003): 155-77.
Abstract: =Cet article présente une méthode de recherche
comparative dépassant le classique clivage entre méthodes
qualitatives et quantitatives: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative.
Cette méthode vise à rendre compte de la complexité
des phénomènes, par des études de cas qualitatives,
tout en offrant une technique de traitement des données fondée
sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes
quantitatives, la généralisation des résultats au-delà
des cas observés. Cette méthode de recherche est bien adaptée
aux petites populations - c'est-à-dire à un nombre de cas
entre 4 et 50 - ce qui est fréquent en sciences de gestion.
66. ---. "La méthode comparative en sciences de gestion:
vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité
managériale.", 2002.
Abstract: =Cet article présente une méthode de recherche
quasi-expérimentale: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative.
Cette méthode permet de rendre compte de la complexité des
phénomènes de gestion, comme les études de cas qualitatives,
tout en offrant une technique de traitement de données fondée
sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes
statistiques, la généralisation des résultats au-delà
des cas observés. Elle pousse à réconcilier les deux
types d'approches dominantes en sciences de gestion, qualitatives et quantitatives,
trop souvent en rupture, et encourage le chercheur à maintenir
un dialogue constant entre les cas réels compris en profondeur
et les idées issues de théories existantes. Nous discutons
des opportunités nombreuses qu'offre la méthode comparative
en science de gestion pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes
de management, sans pour autant la placer au-dessus des autres méthodes
ni la considérer comme révolutionnaire.
67. CURCHOD, Corentin, Hervé DUMEZ, and Alain JEUNEMAÎTRE. "Une étude de l'organisation du transport aérien en Europe: les vertus de l'AQQC pour l'exploration de la complexité." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 85-100.
68. DE GOUY, Agnès, and Danielle PIÉTERS. "Application du QCA aux critères de subvention des écoles de devoirs.", 2002.
69. DE GRAAF, Theo K. "From Hermeneutics to Empiricism: Extracting
Testable Research Hypotheses From the Study of Individual Cases.",
2001.
Abstract: There is increasing awareness of the lack of both comprehensiveness
and specificity of current psychiatric classification systems. Apparently,
the old Kraepelinian ideal of nosological entities characterised by the
same cause and the same optimal treatment, does not hold. Co-morbidity
constitutes a major obstacle for research as well as for evidence-based
treatment programs. The author proposes a “bottom-up” approach
with the help of multiple N=1 studies of individual cases sharing the
same behavioural, cognitive, and/or affective symptoms, in the vein of
Ragin’s method of qualitative comparison. In this way, possible
psychodynamic, psychotoxic, and genetic influences leading to psychopathology
can be mapped and built into hypotheses for subsequent quantitative research.
With the help of in-depth observations on a limited number of juvenile
delinquents, it can be shown that such a heuristic procedure may result
in the establishment of a causal-developmental profile. In comparison
with conventional diagnosis, such a causal-developmental profile matches
more closely the life experiences and inner world of the patient and will
therefore lead to more adequate treatment strategies.
70. DE GRAAF, Theo K. "From Hermeneutics to Empiricism: Transformation
of Psychodynamic Reasoning and Concepts into Testable Research Hypothesis.".
Universiteit van Tilburg (KUB), 2002.
Abstract: The starting point for this methodological study is the assumption
that one and the same psychiatric or psychosomatic (in brief: 'psychobiological')
disease, such as e.g. a depressive illness, may be brought about by more
than one 'causal chain' operating as a sufficient condition. In some of
these 'causal chains' psychotraumatic experiences - including transgenerationally
induced psychotoxic influences in the family of origin - may play the
role of a necessary condition, in addition to other necessary conditions
such as e.g. hereditary factors or physical birth trauma. Emotions which
ultimately give rise to psychobiological disorder may stem from undigested
traumatic experiences and conflicts in the individual's past, including
early childhood. The latter sensitize the individual to events in adu
lt life which in that person's perception exhibit a certain resemblance
or congruity with the original traumatic experience. Accordingly, the
intrapsychic representation of this early, undigested traumatic experience
is called Personal Sensitization Factor (PSF), and the precipitating,
or 'trigger', event is called the Congruent Life Event (CLE).
After having elaborated on the methodological problems connected with
the operationalization of these psychodynamic concepts and constructs,
and with qualitative multivariate research on anecdotal material in the
form of 'plural N=1 observations' for that matter, the author dwells upon
the principles of causality in individual biological systems. This leads
to a discussion of the concept of 'causal chain', and of the difference
between the principles of 'multiconditionality' and 'multicausality' in
pathogenesis.
With the help of a clinical example of a multivariate study of ten (hypothetical)
tuberculosis patients, the reader is then introduced to Ragin's method
of 'qualitative comparison' and to the methodology of 'multiple N=1 studies'.
The ensuing 'truth-tables', entirely basd upon binary data, can be analyzed
with the help of Boolean logic. This analysis yields clusters of causative
factors which, in turn, can be used as starting points for setting up
hypotheses and designs for multivariate case-control, or even epidemiological
studies. What is proposed here is, in fact, a qualitative paper-and-pencil
cluster analysis for small samples and for data which are entirely binary.
The foregoing both statistical and psychodynamic principles are applied
to an (imaginary) sample of sixteen bus drivers, some of whom had developed
an incapacitating depressive illness following an accident in which at
least one person had been killed. The PSF, figuring as a so-called 'latent
variable', was operationalized - at least partly - with the help of two
measurable 'indicator' variables, namely 'early loss of a parent or of
a close friend' and 'parent lost a child'. In 13 of the 16 cases (= 81.25%)
either presence or absence of depressive illness could be entirely accounted
for by respectively presence or absence of the aforementioned two indicator
variables.
71. DE GRAAF, Theo K. "Trauma and Psychiatry. The Role of Individual
and Transgenerational Traumatisation in the Causation of Psychobiological
Illness.". Universiteit van Tilburg (KUB), 1998.
Abstract: (...) Theo de Graaf tries to formulate a provisional answer
to this question by referring to the experience gained by himself and
others from the treatment of severely traumatised individuals. These may
be people who themselves have endured severe traumatic experiences, such
as internment in a concentration camp and/or the loss of close relatives;
bombardments, at the front, or as a civilian; the death of friends during
combat; incest or severe neglect as a child; &c.. A second group consists
of persons who have been secondarily traumatised and psychically damaged,
having been born to parents who themselves suffered some of the aforementioned
tragedies, and as a consequence were not able to bring up their children
in a healthy and loving manner. In this dissertation the family dynamics
and projective mechanisms underlying this so-called 'transgenerational'
traumatisation are extensively dealt with. With the help of clinical examples
and small studies of juvenile delinquents and patients suffering from
depressive and psychotic illness, as well as from auto-immune disease
(multiple sclerosis), the author presents a psychobiological causality
model which could explain the different ways in which psychotraumatic
and 'psychotoxic' experiences could eventually lead to a number of forms
of psychobiological illness. A separate chapter [Chapter IV] is dedicated
to the principles of multicausal and multiconditional causation in individual
biological systems, and to the methodological and statistical consequences
thereof for clinical research.
72. ---. "Van hermeneutiek naar empirie: de verwerking van psychodynamische
concepten en gedachtegangen tot toetsbare onderzoekshypothesen."
Forensische psychiatrie anno 2000. Actuele ontwikkelingen in breed perspectief.
eds T. I. OEI and M. S. GROENHUIJSEN. Gouda Quint: Deventer, 2000. 393-420.
Abstract: There is increasing awareness of the lack of both comprehensiveness
and specificity of current psychiatric classification systems. Apparently,
the old Kraepelinian ideal of nosological entities characterised by the
same cause and the same optimal treatment, does not hold. Co-morbidity
constitutes a major obstacle for research as well as for evidence-based
treatment programs. The author proposes a “bottom-up” approach
with the help of multiple N=1 studies of individual cases sharing the
same behavioural, cognitive, and/or affective symptoms, in the vein of
Ragin’s method of qualitative comparison. In this way, possible
psychodynamic, psychotoxic, and genetic influences leading to psychopathology
can be mapped and built into hypotheses for subsequent quantitative research.
With the help of in-depth observations on a limited number of juvenile
delinquents, it can be shown that such a heuristic procedure may result
in the establishment of a causal-developmental profile. In comparison
with conventional diagnosis, such a causal-developmental profile matches
more closely the life experiences and inner world of the patient and will
therefore lead to more adequate treatment strategies.
73. DE MEUR, Gisèle. "La comparaison des systèmes
politiques : recherche des similarités et des différences."
Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 3.2 (1996): 405-37.
Abstract: MSDO-MDSO technique
74. ---. "Présentation de QCA (document Powerpoint).", 1998.
75. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER. "Comparing
Political Systems : Establishing Similarities and Dissimilarities."
European Journal of Political Research 26.2 (1994): 193-219.
Abstract: MSDO-MDSO technique
76. DE MEUR, Gisèle, Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER, and Charles C. RAGIN. "Statistical Methodology and Comparative Research." IPSA Conference: 1994.
77. DE MEUR, Gisele, Peter BURSENS, and Alain GOTTCHEINER. "MSDO/MDSO Revisited for Public Policy Analysis." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 67-94.
78. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Benoît RIHOUX. "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée (AQQC-QCA): une "troisième voie" au service de la politique comparée?" Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle" Atelier 2: outils méthodologiques: =Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Bordeaux, 2002.
79. ---. "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée. Objets, potentiels et limites." Séminaire méthodologique du Centre de Politique Comparée (CPC), UCL: Université Catholique de Louvain, 2001.
80. DE MEUR, Gisèle, Benoît RIHOUX, and Sakura YAMASAKI. "Revue critique... des critiques de l'AQQC." L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA): approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines. Gisèle DE MEUR and Benoît RIHOUX. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2002. 119-44.
81. DE MEUR, Gisèle, Sakura YAMASAKI, and Benoît RIHOUX. "Critiques of CCA and ‘Critique of the Critiques’." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.
82. DE MEUR, Gisèle. "Designing Most Similar and Most Different Configurations: a Tool for Reduction of Complexity in Comparative Science With Few Cases and Many Variables." International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences.
83. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER. "Comparative Research Design : Case and Variable Selection." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.
84. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Benoît RIHOUX. L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA): approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines. collab. Sakura YAMASAKI. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2002.
85. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and RIHOUX BENOÎT. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.
86. DE MEUR, Gisèle, Benoît RIHOUX, and Frédéric VARONE. "L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC): un outil innovant pour l'étude de l'action publique." Pyramides .8 (2004): 137-47.
87. DEMETER, Stéphane, et al. "Remise au travail par les CPAS. Essai d'application de la méthode QCA.", 2002.
88. DEMIL, B., et al. "L'introduction de la méthode QCA en sciences de gestion. La place QCA dans l'écologie des méthodes de recherche de gestion." Colloque Internationale Sur Les Méthodes De Recherche: "Traversée Des Frontières Entre Méthodes De Recherche Qualitatives Et Quantitatives", Atelier "Méthodes De Recherche Alliant Méthodes Qualitatives Et Quantitatives": 2004.
89. DOMS, Frédéric, and Etienne LADRIERE. "Les défaites électorales du parti social chrétien (1946-1999): une analyse QCA.", 2002.
90. DONER, Richard, and Randall STRAHAN. "Qualitative Methods (Course
Syllabus, Emory University).", 2001.
Abstract: The goal of the course is to help students develop proficiency
in the use of qualitative methods in two respects. The first is to understand
and be able to articulate the assumptions about the political world and
arguments about scientific knowledge on which qualitative approaches in
political science are grounded. We will devote particular attention to
the question of how research designs involving relatively small numbers
of intensive observations can be used to develop and test theory in political
science. The second type of proficiency the course will help students
develop involves basic knowledge of the principal techniques used by political
scientists who do qualitative research. Our objective is to help students
develop the methodological tools needed to pursue rigorous qualitative
research for the dissertation, either as a supplement to quantitative
analyses or as the principal research strategy.
91. DRASS, Kriss. Fs/QCA 0.963. Fuzzy Set/ Qualitative Comparative Analysis. User's Guide, 2002.
92. Drass, Kriss A. FS/QCA. Vers. 9.62. Las Vegas: 2001.
93. DRIDI, Chokri, and Geoffrey J. D. HEWINGS. "Sectors Associations
and Similarities in Input-Output Systems: an Application of Dual Scaling
and Fuzzy Logic to Canada and the United States.", 2002.
Abstract: Understanding the linkages in an input-output system has been
addressed by various methods, but many focused on the identification of
key sectors in the economy. Sonis et al. (1996) offered as a field of
influence theory an alternative approach focusing on analytical importance
of elements and combinations of elements. The first objective of this
paper is to offer a complementary approach to the field of influence and
the so-called 'Matrioshka principal' (Sonis and Hewings, 1990); the adopted
approach seeks hierarchial associations (i.e. statistical dependence)
between supply and demand in input-output system. The second objective
of this paper is to examine the cluster structure sales and purchases
profiles when the principle of 'excluded middle' is violated by the use
of fuzzy sets. Both approaches are based on the data analysis technique
known as dual scaling (Nishisato, 1980, 1994). Results of this approach
will be applied to input-output tables of the US and Canada.
94. DUBOIS, Véronique, and Annick MANDANE. "La nomination des directeurs d'administration et des chefs de service à l'administration de la Commission Communautaire française.", 2002.
95. DUDA, Adrian. "Enhancing Quine-McCluskey." COMPASSS Working Paper 2007-49.
96. DUSA, Adrian. "A Mathematical Approach to the Boolean Minimization
Problem." COMPASSS Work Paper 2007-46.
Abstract: Any minimization problem involves a computer algorithm. Many
such algorithms
have been developed for the boolean minimizations, in diverse areas from
computer science to social sciences (with the famous QCA algorithm).
For a small number of entries (conditions in the QCA) any such algorithm
will
find a minimal solution, especially with the aid of the modern computers.
However,
for a large number of conditions a quick and complete solution is not
easy to find
using an algorithmic approach, due to the extremely large space of possible
combinations to search in. In this article I will demostrate a simple
alternative solution, a mathematical
method to obtain all possible minimized prime implicants.
This method is not only easier to understand than other complex algorithms,
but
it could prove to be a faster method to obtain an exact and complete boolean
solution.
97. ---. "User Manual for the QCA(GUI) Package in R." Journal of Business Research (forthcoming).
98. EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard. "How the Cases You Choose Limit the Questions
You Ask: Selection Problems in Comparative Research Designs." 2nd
ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative
Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic
Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: The paper discusses the problems of case selection in comparative
cross-national research, that is, how the cases you choose limit the questions
you ask. It discusses the pitfalls of quantitative cross-national research,
arguing that selection bias is not unique to small-N studies but inherent
to the study of real world social systems. All comparative research of
social entities, whether quantitative or qualitative, face the problem
of limited diversity, the fact that the potential pool of cases has been
selected by historical social processes. In small-N studies, the purpose
of comparison and the subsequent research design assumes a particularly
important role as cases do not represent observations for extensive variable
analysis but determine the contexts for intensive within case analyses,
the results of which are then compared. For what purpose are cases chosen?
Are they selected to elicit unique cases departing from general patterns,
to find common causes among cases with similar outcome, to control for
similar context conditions, to test predictions by universal hypotheses,
to understand the impact of context conditions on causal mechanisms? The
paper discusses the consequences of the interaction between research question
and research design with examples from cross-national studies of modern
welfare states.
99. EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard. "When Less Is More: Selection Problems in Large-N and Small-N Cross-National Comparisons." International Sociology 20.2 (2005).
100. EDWARDS, Sean J. A. "Military History of Swarming." PP , 2003.
101. FEAGIN, J. R., A. ORUM, and G. SJÖBERG, eds. A Case for the Case Study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
102. FISHMAN, Daniel. "Context-Specific Logic Models: Alternative Paths to Similar Outcomes." A Topical Interest Group of the American Evaluation Association (2000).
103. FISS, Peer C. "A Set-Theoretic Approach to Organizational Configurations." Academy of Management Review (2005).
104. FORAN, John. "The Future of Revolutions at the Fin-De-Siècle." Third World Quarterly 18.5 (1997): 791-820.
105. FROGNIER, André-Paul. "Logique(s?) de la politique comparée." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 61-90.
106. ---. "Postface." L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA). Approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines. Gisèle DE MEUR and Benoît RIHOUX. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2002. 145-46.
107. FUHRMANN, Gy. "Fuzziness of Concepts and Concepts of Fuzziness." Synthese 75 (1988): 349-72.
108. ---. ""Prototypes" and "Fuzziness" in the Logic of Concepts." Synthese 75 (1988): 317-47.
109. GERRING, John. "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?" American Political Science Review 98.2 (2004): 341-54.
110. GILARDI, Fabrozio. " La comparaison aux échelons local, régional et supranational: quelles plues-values et limites théoriques et pratiques, quels défis méthodologiques ? Congrès C4P Lausanne." "Galton's Problem" and Diffusion Processes: the Next Frontier for Fs/QCA Methodology?.
111. GIRAUD, Olivier. "Le comparatisme contemporain en science
politique : entrée en dialogue des écoles et renouvellement
des questions." Stratégies de la comparaison internationale.
eds Michel LALLEMENT and Jan SPURK. Paris: =Editions du CNRS, 2001. ??
Abstract: Les politologues ont pour tradition de célébrer
la comparaison pour son oeuvre de fondation de leur discipline. Un survol
de publications récentes montre cependant à quel point,
la science politique est aujourd'hui critique vis-à-vis de sa méthode
fétiche. Les politologues critiquent inlassablement et parfois
amèrement mise en application et résultats du comparatisme
(Apter, 1996; Frognier, 1994; Hassenteufel, 2000; Smith, 2000), proclament
cent fois la nécessité d'innover radicalement (Levi, 2000;
Ragin, 1996), ou au contraire, de retrouver la sagesse et la force de
mettre en oeuvre les règles et les méthodes traditionnelles
et fondatrices de la discipline (Sartori, 1994). (...)
112. GOEMAN, Jelle. "Grondslagen van de vergelijkende methode: Een statistiche herziening van Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Doctoral dissertation.". Universiteit Leiden, 2001.
113. GOERTZ, Gary. "Assessing the Importance of Necessary or Sufficient Conditions in Fuzzy-Set Social Science." APSA 2004 Annual Meeting: 2004.
114. GOERTZ, Gary. "Assessing the Trivialness, Relevance, and Relative
Importance of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in Social
Science." Studies in Comparative International Development 41.2 (2006):
88-109.
Abstract: Political scientists of all stripes have proposed numerous necessary
or sufficient
condition hypotheses. For methodologists a question is how can we assess
tlie importance
of these necessary cotiditions. This article addresses three central questions
about the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions. The first
concerns
the "triviainess" of necessary or sufficient conditions. The
second is how much a
necessary or sufficient condition is "relevant?" The third important
question deals
with Ihe relative importance of necessary or sufficient conditions: for
example, if A",
and A', are necessary or sufTicient conditions., is one more important
than the other?
The article develops measures to assess the importance of necessary or
sufficient
conditions in three related contexts: (!) Venn diagrams, (2) 2 x 2 tables,
and (3)
fuzzy sets. Two empirical examples are discussed at length: (1) Skocpol's
States and
Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France. Russia, and China
atid (2)
Ragin's (2000) analysis of the causes of IMF riots.
115. GOERTZ, Gary. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-7: Assessing the
Importance of Necessary or Sufficient Conditions in Fuzzy-Set Social Science.",
2003. 33pp.
Abstract: Assessing the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions
in fuzzy-set social science
Political scientists of all stripes have proposed numerous necessary or
sufficient condition hypotheses. For methodologists a question is then
how can we assess the ``importance'' of these necessary conditions. This
paper addresses two central questions about the importance of necessary
or sufficient conditions. The first regards their ``absolute'' importance
which is addressed via the concept of the trivialness of necessary or
sufficient conditions. The second importance question deals with the relative
importance of necessary or sufficient conditions: for example, if X_1
and X_2 are necessary or sufficient conditions, is one more important
than the other? The paper develops measures to assess the importance of
necessary or sufficient conditions in three related contexts: (1) Venn
diagrams, (2) 2x2 tables, and (3) fuzzy logic, with an emphasis on fuzzy
logic methods. The empirical analysis uses the measures of absolute and
relative importance to extend Ragin's (2000) discussion of the causes
of IMF riots.
116. GOERTZ, Gary, and James MAHONEY. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-6:
Two-Level Theories and Fuzzy Logic.", 2003. 32 pp.
Abstract: Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at
two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another.
Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis
have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues
that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article,
we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the
issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show
that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both
specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological,
or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and
specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and
sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these
theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. We illustrate
this by doing an empirical, fuzzy-set of Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions.
However, as the Skocpol example shows, fuzzy-set methods are not effective
if the investigator fails to be clear about the two-level structure of
these theories from the onset.
117. ---. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-19: Two-Level Theories and
Fuzzy Sets.", 2004.
Abstract: Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at
two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another.
Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis
have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues
that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article,
we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the
issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show
that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both
specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological,
or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and
specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and
sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these
theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. However,
to realize this potential, investigators using fuzzy-set methods must
be clear about the two-level structure of their theories from the onset.
We illustrate these points through an empirical, fuzzy-set test of Skocpol’s
States and Social Revolutions.
118. GOLDTHORPE, John H. "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology." Department of Sociology, University of Oslo, Rapport .6 (1994).
119. ---. "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology : a Debate on Methodological Issues." Comparative Social Research 16 (1997): 1-26.
120. GOTTCHEINER, Alain. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-17: Contradictions
and Their Use in Falsification: the Case of Comparative Linguistics and
QCA's Contribution.", 2003.
Abstract: Linguists searching about laws of phonetic changes make use
of the entire corpus at their disposal. By so doing, they find laws that
correctly describe observed changes, especially " splits ",
but can't be checked. Such a law may always be found if using enough parameters,
but doesn't guarantee a fair description. In a Popperian perspective,
we'd like to suggest working on a partial corpus, trying to establish
laws that correctly account for all matching multiplets considered, then
applying these assumed laws to the rest of the corpus ; if no counterexample
is found, the set of laws gains in credibility.
In this approach, QCA may be very useful, because it allows us to : 1)
consider all possible influences (position in the word, preceding and
following phoneme, umlaut/ablaut, position relative to stress, …)
as conditions ; 2) use contradictions as guides to the detection of influences
we forgot to use ; 3) modify the corpus and set of conditions at will
; 4) produce several laws, among which we may choose the most plausible
; 5) find implications that aren't seen at first glance.
121. ---. "Contradictions and Their Use in Falsification: the Case
of Comparative Linguistics [Using QCA]." 2nd ECPR General Conference,
Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts,
Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the Respective Potential
of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques
: Applications": 2003.
Abstract: Linguists searching about laws of phonetic changes make use
of the entire corpus at their disposal. By so doing, they find laws that
correctly describe the changes observed, especially “splits”,
but can’t be checked. Such a law may always be found if using enough
parameters, but isn’t necessarily a fair description. In a Popperian
perspective, I’d like to suggest working on a partial corpus, trying
to establish laws that correctly account for all matching multiplets considered,
then applying these assumed laws to the rest of the corpus; if no counterexample
is found, the set of laws gains in credibility.
In this approach, QCA may be very useful, because it allows us to: 1)
consider all possible influences (position in the word, preceeding and
following phonem, umlaut/ablaut, position relative to stress, …)
as conditions; 2) use contradictions as guides to the detection of influences
we forgot to use; 3) modify the corpus at will; 4) produce several laws,
among which we may choose the most plausible.
122. GRAN, Brian. "Beyond Analytic Induction: Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Complexity and Generality in Social Research." Sociological Quarterly (forthcoming).
123. GRASSI, Davide. "The Study of New Democracies in Latin America and Elsewhere: Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of the "Transitions Project" at the Woodrow Wilson Center." Washington Conference: 2004.
124. GRIFFIN, Larry J. "Narrative, Event-Structure Analysis and Causal Interpretation in Historical Sociology." American Journal of Sociology 98.5 (1993): 1094-133.
125. ---. "Temporality, Events, and Explanation in Historical Sociology : an Introduction." Sociological Methods and Research 20 (1992): 403-27.
126. GRIFFIN, Larry J., et al. "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity : Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Growth and Decline." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 110-36.
127. GRIFFIN, Larry J., and Charles C. RAGIN. "Some Observations on Formal Methods of Qualitative Analysis." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 1-12.
128. GRIMON. "Typologie des erreurs constatées dans les dossiers de chômage gérés par l'ONEm.", 2002.
129. HAGFORS, Robert, and Olli KANGAS. "Neural Computation As a Clustering Method for Comparative Welfare State Research." ESPAnet 2004 Conference, Comparative Methodology Stream: 2004.
130. HAGUE, Rod, and Martin HARROP. Comparative Government and Politics. An Introduction. 5th ed. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001.
131. HALL, Peter A. "Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Research." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
132. HAMPEL, Frank R., et al. Robust Statistics. The Approach Based on Influence Functions. New York: J.Wiley, 1986.
133. HÄRKÖNEN, Juho, and Antti KOUVO. "Kirja-arvio [A Book Review in Finnish]: Ragin, Charles C. 2000. Fuzzy-Set Social Science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London." Sosiologia 39.2 (2002): 164-66.
134. HASEGAWA, Keiji. "Muzyun wo hukumu Gyou no Mondai [Problems of the Row that contains Contradiction]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001. 189-207.
135. HAVERLAND, Markus, and S. B. M. PRINCEN. "Causaliteit in meervoudige
case-studies [Causality in multiple case-studies]." Sociale Wetenschappen
4.4 (1998): 24-41.
Abstract: Multiple case studies are frequently used to test causal claims.
Because of the small number of cases involved, however, causal inference
from these studies is problematic. In this article, these problems are
discussed in the context of studies of the determinants of environmental
policy. Starting from six crucial assumptions underlying causal inference
from small-N studies, it is shown that some of these assumptions can be
weakened by the systematic use of theory in the selection of cases and
by process tracing. Also, Charles Ragin's method of Qualitative Comparative
Analysis is examined to see to what extent it escapes the limitations
of traditional small-N studies. Although a number of limitations can be
overcome by (a combination of) these methods, causal inference from small-N
studies remains especially vulnerable to the quality of the theory that
is used and the way the variables are measured.
136. HAWLEY, Joshua D. "Media Review: Rihoux B. & Grimm H. (2006). Innovative Comparative Mehtods for Policy Analysis: Beyond the Qauntitative-Qualitative Divide. New-York: Springer ." Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1.4 (2007): 390-92.
137. HEISE, David R. "Computer Assistance in Qualitative Sociology."
Social Science Computer Review 10.4 (1992): 531-43.
Abstract: Software for analyzing qualitative data is emerging simultaneously
with a resurgence of formal methods for qualitative analysis, giving contemporary
sociologists unprecedented control over qualitative research projects.
This article focuses on computer methods of text analysis and on software
for building "logic models" that systematize interpretations
of empirical data. Content analysis, network analysis, and image analysis
are mentioned as additional growth areas in computer-assisted qualitative
research.
138. ---. "Modeling Event Structures." Journal of Mathematical
Sociology 14 (1989): 139-69.
Abstract: Other technique : Event Structure Analysis (ESA)
139. HELLSTRÖM, Eeva. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A Useful Tool for Research into Forest Policy and Forestry Conflicts." Forest Science 44.2 (1998): 254-65.
140. HELLSTRÖM, Eeva, and Kati RANTALA. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Opening New Paths for Social Research in Forestry." 21st IUFRO World Congress, Technical Session "Interface Between Forest Science and Policy Making": 2000.
141. HENKE, Roger. "Vergelijkende methoden vergeleken [Comparative
methods compared]." Sociale Wetenschappen 4.4 (1998): 8-23.
Abstract: The literature on the methodology of comparative research is
extensive. Major perspectives are focussed on 1. Definitions: which research
should be called comparative? 2. Typologies: what comparative research
strategies can be identified? 3. Techniques: what are the conditions for
the proper use of a particular strategy? This article does not try to
summarize, let alone synthesize this body of literature but opts for a
different approach. It is argued that a simple cross table of the unit
of analysis, the properties of that unit and the research question at
hand can be used as a frame for analyzing (comparative) methods of analysis.
The author is tributary to Charles Ragin and Howard Becker for the ideas
presented.
142. HERALA, Nina. Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in Comparative Law. Comparison of the Legal Regulation of Sustainable Development in Physical Planning in Denmark and Finland. Vaasa, Finland: Vaasan Yliopisto, 2004.
143. HERRMANN, Andrea, and Lasse CRONQVIST. "Fs/QCA and MVQCA:
Different Answers to the Problem of Contradicting Observations in QCA."
ECPR General Conference: 2005.
Abstract: This paper aims at illustrating under which circumstances QCA
and its ramifications, fs/QCA and MVQCA, become particularly useful tools
of analysis. To this end, we discuss the
most pertinent problem which researchers encounter when using QCA, namely
the problem of contradicting observations. In QCA analysis, contradictions
arise from the sheer number of cases,
as well as the problem of dichotomisation. Therefore, we argue that –
in order to handle contradictions – the method for analysing middle-sized-N
situations should be chosen according
to two parameters: The size of a dataset on the one hand, and the need
to preserve raw data information on the other. While QCA is a particularly
adequate tool for analysing comparatively
small middle-size datasets with a reduced necessity to preserve cluster
information, the opposite holds true for fs/QCA. MVQCA, in turn, strikes
a balance between these two methods as it is
most suitable for analysing genuinely middle-size case-sets for which
some cluster information needs to be preserved.
144. ---. "Fs/QCA and MVQCA: Different Answers to the Problem of Contradicting Observations in QCA.", 2005. 24.
145. HICKS, Alexander M. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Analytical Induction : the Case of the Emergence of the Social Security State." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 86-113 .
146. HICKS, Alexander M., Joy MISRA, and Nah Ng TANG. "The Programmatic Emergence of the Social Security State." American Sociological Review 60.3 (1995): 329-50.
147. HINO, Airo. "Bridging the QCA and Time Series Cross Sectional Analyses: a 'Comparison' of Two Comparative Methods." International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences.
148. HOYLE, R. H. Statistical Strategies for Small Sample Research. London: Sage, 1999.
149. HUBER, Günter L. Analysis of Qualitative Data With AQUAD Five for Windows. Schwangau: Ingeborg Huber Verlag, 1997.
150. Huber, Günter L. AQUAD Five. Vers. 5.8. Schwangau: Ingeborg Huber Verlag, 1999.
151. HUBER, Günter L., and Franz SCHRODI. "Logical Minimization
As a Tool for Research on Teacher Thinking." 9th Biennial Conference
of the International Study Association on Teachers and
Teaching (ISATT): 1999.
Abstract: This paper describes the method of logically minimizing the
various configurations of critical characteristics within the cases of
a study and grouping them into clusters according to general patterns
of features. Examples from studies on classroom discipline, active learning,
and teachers' explanations of learning problems in mathematics are presented.
152. HUBER, Günter L. "Zur Generalisierbarkeit der Rekonstruktionen subjektiver Orientierungen." Konstanzer Workshop "Alltag, Alltagsbewußtsein Und Handlungsorientierungen Von Schülerinnen Und Schülern Im Sportunterricht": 1997.
153. HYYRYLÄINEN, Esa. "Kvalitatiivinen analyysi Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) -menetelmällä [Qualitative analysis using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)]." Centre for Comparative Public Policy and Management Occasional Papers .3 (1997).
154. HYYRYLÄINEN, Esa. "Linking Organizational Strategies With Staff Participation and Involvement Schemes: Theoritical and Methodological Considerations." EGPA Vaasa Conference: 2001.
155. HÄGE, Frank M. "Constructivism, Fuzzy Sets and (Very)
Small-N: Revisiting the Conditions for Communicative Action." COMPASSS
Working Paper (2005).
Abstract: In this paper, it is argued that the fuzzy set approach can
engage in a fruitful liaison with constructivist research. There are several
important properties of fuzzy set analysis that overlap with constructivist
theorizing and research practice. To demonstrate
the usefulness of the approach, Niemann’s study on the conditions
for communicative action is replicated and re-interpreted using
fuzzy sets. The result is an improvement of the informational content,
the precision and the validity of conclusions drawn from
the empirical analysis. Furthermore, the re-interpretation points to theoretical
and conceptual issues that need more consideration in
future research.
156. IDIART, Alma. "Stable Democracies in Latin America? Advancing
Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens's Analysis for the Latin American
Cases ." Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting: 1998.
Abstract: This paper attempts to further Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens's
(1992) comparative historical analysis of democratization and theory building
for their Latin American cases by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA) as a technique for the implementation of analytical induction (Hicks
1994). For early waves of democratization two paths are identified. One
is defined by (moderate) non-mining export sectors aided by clientelistic
parties. The other is constituted by the same sectoral configuration aided
by elite contestation. For latter waves, three alternative configurations
are defined. For all these three configurations, given the presence of
political parties during the second democratic period the combination
of two of the following three factors allows for second wave stable democracies:
1) the absence of industrialization preceding democratization processes;
2) the presence of strong mechanisms of elite contestation (under the
form of electoral contestation); and 3) the antecedent of previously stable
democracies.
157. IFF, Andrea. "Günstige institutionelle Bedingungen zur Bewältigung multikultureller Konflikte: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von zehn Ländern in Asien und Afrika.". Universitat Bern, 2003.
158. INABA, Akihide. "Enzyo Koudou wo Sokusin/Yokusei suru Zyouken : Meta Bunseki heno Ouyou [Application of Boolean approach to Meta Analysis : Using Helping Behavior Data]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001. 130-47.
159. ISHIDA, Atsushi. "Fs/QCA No Tsukaikata. [How to Use Fs/QCA].", 2003.
160. JANOSKI, Thomas. "Synthetic Strategies in Comparative Sociological Research : Methods and Problems of Internal and External Analysis." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 59-81.
161. JANOSKI, Thomas, and Alexander M. HICKS, eds. The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
162. KACOWICZ, Arie M. "Case Study Methods in International Security Studies." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 107-25.
163. KANGAS, Ollie. "The Politics of Social Security : on Regressions, Qualitative Comparisons, and Cluster Analysis." The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. eds Thomas JANOSKI and Alexander M. HICKS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 346-64.
164. KANOMATA, Nobuo. "Buuru Daisuu Bunseki no Enzan [The Algorithm of Boolean Analysis]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001. 19-40.
165. ---. "Saibankan no Keireki: Kojin Deita heno Ouyou [Career of Judges: Application [of QCA] to Personal Data]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001. 63-78.
166. ---. "Yogen no Jikozyouzyu Moderu [A model of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001.
167. KANOMATA, Nobuo, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA, eds. Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001.
168. ---. "Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki toshiteno Buuru Daisuu Apurouchi [Boolean Approach as Qualitative Comparative Analysis]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001. 3-13.
169. KATZ, Aaron, Matthias VOM HAU, and James MAHONEY. "Explaining the Great Reversal in Spanish America: Fuzzy-Set Methods Versus Statistical Methods." Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association: 2004. 49 pp.
170. KELLE, Udo. "Computer-Aided Qulitative Data Analysis : an Overview." Text Analysis and Computers. eds Cornelia ZUELL, Janet HARKNESS, and Jürgen H. P. HOFFMEYER-ZLOTNIK. Mannheim: ZUMA, 1996. 33-63.
171. KING, G., R. KEOHANE, and S. VERBA, eds. Designing Social Enquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.
172. KITCHENER, Martin, Malcolm BEYNON, and Charlene HARRINGTON. "Qualitative
Comparative Analysis and Public Services Research: Lessons From an Early
Application ." Public Management Review 4.4 (2002): 485-504 .
Abstract: This article introduces the qualitative comparative analysis
(QCA) method, provides a detailed description of an early application
in US public management research and draws lessons from the experience.
In methodological terms, we show that QCA requires coding decisions that
influence outcomes significantly and emphasize that this secondary data
analysis technique be used in conjunction with primary methods in order
to consider issues of process. The substantive findings from our application
in a study of state-level barriers to policy diffusion indicate the potential
of QCA as a systematic approach to the identification of linkages between
causal factors that emerge as important to case study participants.
173. KITOUS, Bernhard. "Conjugate and/or Alternate Methods to Exploit
the Data From a Small N Survey (N=25), Based Upon a Semantic Differential
Questionnaire (30*40 Data Grid): an Instance of an Idiosyncratic R.I.S
- Research Information System." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section
"Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques,
Applications", Panel "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in
“Small N” Situations": 2003.
Abstract: The Osgood semantic differential approach is applied to assess
the attitudes of groups of students towards economic life and the management
of organizations. A questionnaire called CYRILE, for a study on "the
Culture of Young people Regarding the Identity and Life of Enterprises"
has been created, based upon the analysis of managerial work proposed
by Henry Mintzberg.
Three dimensions of variability are inquired into, namely: (1)- the nationalities
; (2)- the 40 stimuli or elements of the economic life which are under
comparisons; and (3)- the 30 constructs or "scales" on pair-wise
opposite concepts;
Since the number N of individuals answering the Cyrile questionnaire is
approximately 25 people per nationality, with each subject providing 1,200
points in a multidimensional space, the data analysis is not self-evident,
when considering altogether the 4 sources of variability (= constructs
* stimuli * nationalities * individuals).
Besides the question of semantic coherence between languages (French,
Polish, English and Russian) , the Cyrile questionnaire raises the key
point of the statistical value of inferences drawn from small-N samples
of Law & Political Science students to economic cultures as a whole.
This communication suggests that at least a partial answer lies in the
design of an inquiring system (West. C. Churchman's notion), - what could
be called a "research information system" - , where the decomposition
of the total data variability is insured through careful data exploration
using not only statistical measures but also the systematic graphing of
data sets.
This communication will present the difficulties encountered in comparing
the individual and the averaged results, for each group of nationals.
174. KLIR, George J., Ute St. CLAIR, and Bo YUAN. Fuzzy Sets Theory. Foundations
and Applications. Neew-Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR, 1997.
175. KOGUT, Bruce. "The Transatlantic Exchange of Ideas and Practices: National Institutions and Diffusion." Les Notes de l'IFRI 26.3 (2000): 7-46.
176. KOLB, Felix. "Social Movements and Policy Outcomes.Theory Building in Comparative Perspective." Working Papers Reihe "Soziale Bewegung und politischer Konflikt" .3/2000 (2000): 1-133.
177. KOSAKA, Kenji. "Hikakubunsekiho No Formalisation. C. Ragin No Teigon Wo Megutte. [The Formalisation of the Comparative Method. On C. Ragin's Suggestion.]." Shakaigaku Ni Okeru Riron to Gainen No Formalisation. [The Formalisation of Concepts and Theories in Sociology.]. ed Junichi KOBAYASHI. 1991. 99-115.
178. KOTSOVILIS, Spyridon, and Constantine FRANGAKIS. "European Consortium for Political Research." Building With Few Bricks: Elarging the Data Pool by Using Couterfactuals in Small-N Formal Modeling.
179. KRIESI, Hanspeter. Les démocraties occidentales. Une approche comparée. Politique Comparée. Paris: Economica, 1994.
180. ---. "Les principes de la méthode comparée." Les démocraties occidentales. Une approche comparée. Hanspeter KRIESI. Paris: Economica, 1994. 27-45.
181. KROOK, Mona Lena. "Temporality and Causal Configurations:
Combining Sequences Analysis and Fuzzy Set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis."
General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research:
Budapest Hungary, 2005.
Abstract: time & sequence
182. KROUWEL, André. "Lecture 2b. Problems of Comparison: Units of Analysis, Measurement and Bias.", 2001. 11p.
183. KVIST, Jon. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-15: Conceptualisation,
Configuration, and Categorisation - Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets
in Comparative Welfare State Research.", 2003. 29 pp.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set
theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation
of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical
constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal
types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity
and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves
differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories.
In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation
of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity.
Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure
and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner
that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements
and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis
and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative
studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the
1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity
to predefined ideal typical models.
184. ---. "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Categorisation
- Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research.",
2003. 31 pp.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set
theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation
of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical
constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal
types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity
and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves
differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories.
In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation
of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity.
Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure
and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner
that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements
and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis
and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative
studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the
1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity
to predefined ideal typical models.
185. KVIST, Jon. "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Categorisation. Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research." ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis": 2004.
186. KÖLLER, Thomas. "The Tension Between Accuracy and Generalizability
in Social Science Research Its Background and Dissolution." 2nd ECPR
General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative
Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Qualitative
and Quantitative Methods in “Small N” Situations": 2003.
Abstract: In my paper I first claim that the the tension between accuracy
and generalizability in social science research should be seen as a specific
case of the general antagonism of ‘causality’ and ‘general
laws’; the uniqueness being due to the fact that the relative autonomy
of human agency, as opposed to mere behaviour of physical or biological
'actants', destroys the interchangeability of the actants’ behaviour
(‘micro’) and the regularity this behaviour shows (‘macro’/’structure’).
I than offer a solution based on Jean Piaget’s 'Genetic Epistemology'
and its reconstruction of the four stages of 'cognitive ontogeny' as pre-mathematical
systems of coordinated actions. ‘Pre-mathematical’ means that
there is no perfect dialectics of 'element' and 'structure', the coordination
of actions thus being only partial and, to the same extent, dependent
on the contingency of the actors’ perspective. Thus, the ontogenetic
‘stages’ can be seen as formal models that could help to overcome
the trade off between accuracy and generalizability. Indeed, the only
thing that needs to do be done is to interprete them for the interindividual
case, given that in ontogeny all the actions coordinated are the actions
of only one single individual. Such an interindividual interpretation
is completely unproblematic, on the other hand, because coordination is
always the coordination of different perspectives and therefore the cause,
not the result, of an integrated system such as a a ‘subject’.
187. LACEY, Rodney. "Creating Generalized Knowledge From Case Studies:
a New Methodological Approach." The Strategic Management Society
21st Annual International Conference: 2001.
Abstract: Most strategic research is either specific case studies (N <
6), or generalizable quantitative studies (N > 100), because researchers
lack methods for handling multiple case studies (N=10-50). This paper
demonstrates a new methodology, based on boolean analysis, that can handle
multiple case studies and simultaneously achieve tailored and generalizable
models of strategic practice. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin,
1987) allows for systematic, statistical analysis of causal relationships
when the number of cases would be too small for standard statistical tests,
but when the complexity of data is too great for traditional qualitative
approaches. This paper illustrates the effectiveness and utility of the
multiple case method and QCA by showing how independent variables affect
organizational innovation in 30 hypothetical but representative case studies.
188. LAGUECIR, Aziza. "Practices of Cost Planning and Management Tools in NPD Process: a Quali-Comparative Approach." Druid Winter Conference: 2003.
189. LANDMAN, Todd. "Comparative Politics and Human Rights." Human Rights Working Papers .10 (2000): 1-43.
190. ---. "Comparative Politics and Human Rights." Conference on Law and Anthropology, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies: 2000.
191. ---. Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2000.
192. LESTHAEGHE, Ron. "A Boolean Framework for Comparative Analysis." Historical Methods 22.1 (1989): 37-38.
193. LEVI-FAUR, David. "Comparative Research Designs in the Study
of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising
the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis." The Politics of Regulation.
eds Jordana JACINT and LEVI-FAUR DAVID. University of Manchester, forthcoming.
Abstract: The aims of this paper are to explore the role of variations
and commonalities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique
that could maximize their explanatory power in the context of medium-N
comparative designs, especially those designs that combine two or more
comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The paper identifies
four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy
in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled
the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA),
the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach
(TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent
different assumptions as to the determinant of political and regulatory
change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations
and commonalties in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome
these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches
through complex research designs might prove a more sound and effective
method for the study of regulation.
194. ---. "A Question of Size? On the Ontology of Kind and the Methodologies of Size in Social Science Research." ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation": 2004.
195. LEVI, Margaret. "Analytic Narratives and Other Systematic and Rigorous Ways to Do Case Study and Qualitative Comparative Research (Course Syllabus, University of Washington).", 2001.
196. LIEBERSON, Stanley. "Causal Analysis and Comparative Research: What Can We Learn From Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases." Rational Choice Theory and Large-Scale Data Analysis. eds Hans-Peter BLOSSFELD and Gerald PREIN. Boulder: Westview, 1998. 129-45.
197. LIEBERSON, Stanley. "Comments on the Use and Utility of QCA." Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section on Qualitiative Methods 2.2 (2004): 13-14.
198. LIEBERSON, Stanley. "More on the Uneasy Case for Using Mill-Type Methods in Small N Comparative Studies." Social Forces 72.4 (1994): 1225-37.
199. ---. "Small N's and Big Conclusions : an Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases." Social Forces 70.2 (1991): 307-20.
200. LIJPHART, Arend. "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method." American Political Science Review 65.3 (1971): 682-93.
201. LIKHTENCHTEIN, Anna. "Comparing New Phenomena: Heuristic Potential
of QCA. (Elite Driven Parties in Russia and Ukraine)." 2nd ECPR General
Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research
: Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative
Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: This paper explores Duma elections in Russia (1993-1999) and
Rada elections in the Ukraine (1994-2000). A methodological intrigue lies
in the fact Ukrainian ruling elites began to exploit the strategy of party
building later then in Russia, and in spite of the fact that at one point
countries' institutional variables became 'similar', the political role
of party principle remained 'different'. The paper points the question
- what are the factors, accounted for such a puzzle, and what kind of
expectations can be proposed about party system development in the countries.
To address this intriguing puzzle, this paper proposes a unique methodological
solution to the problems described. In particular, the paper stresses
the potential of comparative analysis for the investigation of new underdeveloped
phenomena that often arise when dealing with transforming democracies.
202. LOBE, Bojana. "Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in the Environment of New Information-Communication Technologies.". University of Ljubljana, 2006.
203. LOBE, Bojana, and Benoît RIHOUX. "The Added Value of
Micro-Level QCA: Getting More Out of Rich Case
Knowledge.", 2007.
204. LOCKE, Richard, and Kathleen THELEN. "Problems of Equivalence in Comparative Politics : Apples and Oranges Again." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 9-12.
205. LUOMA, Pentti. "Boolen analyysi laadullisessa tutkimuksessa [Boolean analysis in qualitative research]." Sosiologia 30.3 (1993): 212-15.
206. Luoma, Pentti. Kirjallisuutta kvalitatiivisesta vertailasta analyysista eli QCA:sta [Literature on qualitative comparative analysis or QCA]. 2001. Web Page. URL: http://wwwedu.oulu.fi/sos/QCA.htm.
207. Luoma, Pentti. Kvalitatiivinen Vertaileva Analyysi (=QCA) Liittyvää Aineistoa. 1996. Web Page. URL: http://wwwedu.oulu.fi/sos/kva496.htm.
208. Luoma, Pentti. Kvalitatiivinen Vertaileva Analyysi (QCA) [Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)]. 1996. Web Page. URL: http://wwwedu.oulu.fi/sos/QCA.htm.
209. LUOMA, Pentti. "New Options in Crossing the Methodological
Borders: From Quantitative to Qualitative Analysis and Vice Versa."
2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in
Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel
"Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in “Small N” Situations":
2003.
Abstract: The arguments for the qualitative data analysis have been based
on the standard critique of positivism. In this critique the difference
between human and natural sciences is sometimes overemphasized.
There are, however, new trends in the philosophy of science and methodology
that try to reconcile this issue. These are critical realism and closely
connected to the former naturalism. In these methodologies the question
of choosing a method in empirical research is seen only as a technical
matter subordinated to the research issue. Thus these methodologies also
emphasize intensive research and triangulation. They have made way to
the variability of methods in empirical research.
Since the 1980’s mixing methods has further been facilitated by
the development of computer programs planned to rationalize qualitative
data analysis. These offer new technical opportunities for bridging the
gap between the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The aim of this
paper is to show how to cross the old border by using programs like QSR
NVivo, MS Excel and SPSS. This will be illustrated by using two examples
to show a) how the qualitative data can be analyzed quantitatively and
b) how to categorize the open-ended answers of a survey for the further
qualitative analysis.
210. MAHONEY, James. "Comparative-Historical Methods: The State of the Art. Lecture for the COMPASSS Meeting, 25-6 November 2004, Leuven.", 2004.
211. ---. "Introduction: A Note on Terminology." Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section on Qualitiative Methods 2.2 (2004): 2.
212. ---. "Nominal, Ordinal, and Narrative Appraisal in Macrocausal Analysis." American Journal of Sociology 104.4 (1999): 1154-96.
213. MAHONEY, James. "Reflections on Fuzzy-Set/QCA." Qualitative Methods: Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section on Qualitiative Methods 2.2 (2004): 17-21.
214. MAHONEY, James. "Strategies of Causal Inference in Small-N Analysis." Sociological Methods and Research 28.4 (2000): 387-424.
215. MAHONEY, James, and Gary GOERTZ. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-18:
The Possibility Principle: Choosing Negative Cases in Comparative Research.",
2004. 27 pp.
Abstract: A central challenge in qualitative research involves selecting
the “negative” cases (e.g., nonrevolutions, nonwars) to be
included in analyses that seek to explain positive outcomes of interest
(e.g., revolutions, wars). Although it is widely recognized that the selection
of negative cases is consequential for theory testing, methodologists
have yet to formulate specific rules to inform this selection process.
In this paper, we propose a principle – the Possibility Principle
– that provides explicit, rigorous, and theoretically-informed guidelines
for choosing a set of negative cases. The Possibility Principle advises
researchers to select only negative cases where the outcome of interest
is possible. Our discussion elaborates this principle and its implications
for current debates about case selection and strategies of theory testing.
Major points are illustrated with substantive examples from studies of
revolution, economic growth, welfare states, and war.
216. MANUSCRIPT. "Casual Complexity and FS/QCA: Making Use of Remote and Proximate Casual Conditions.", forthcoming.
217. MARKOFF, John. "A Comparative Method : Reflections on Charles Ragin's Innovations in Comparative Analysis." Historical Methods 23.4 (1990): 177-81.
218. MARMOR, Theodore R., and Evan S. LIEBERMAN. "Tobacco Control in Comparative Perspective: Eight Nations in Search of an Explanation." APSA Annual Meeting 2004: 2004.
219. MARX, and AXEL. "Towards More Robust Model Specification in QCA Results From a Methodological Experiment." COMPASSS Working Paper 2006-43.
220. MARX, Axel. "Systematisch Comparatief Case Onderzoek en Evaluatieonderzoek." Tijdschrift voor Sociologie (2004).
221. MARX, Axel, and Hans PEETERS. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-29: Win for Life - An Empirical Exploration of the Socail Consequences of Introducing a Basic Income.", 2004.
222. MARX, Axel, and Benoît RIHOUX. "Moving Beyond Qualitative
and Quantitative Methods: Systematic Comparative Case Analysis in Management
Research." Paper Prepared for a Themed Issue of Management Decision
: Qualitative Methods in Management Research (2006).
Abstract: One challenge for management research is to design research
in such a way that it is relevant for and applicable to real world situations.
The paper introduces a research strategy/design - systematic comparative
case research - which can increase the direct relevance and applicability
of research for management. The paper first of all discusses the limitations
of two existing research strategies, namely single case-oriented qualitative
research and variable-oriented quantitative research. In a next step systematic
comparative case research is introduced, elaborated upon and discussed.
The proposed research strategy aims to bridge the gap between qualitative
and quantitative research from the perspective of qualitative research.
In this sense the proposed research-strategy is fundamentally qualitative
in nature. It interprets outcomes in the context of a case and aims to
give an explanation for each outcome. This deterministic character of
the approach allows for a more direct link between theory and action.
223. MELINDER, Karin. "QCA and Correlational Methods." 2nd
ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative
Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "The Potential
of Statistical Methods in “Small N” and “Medium N”
Situations": 2003.
Abstract: QCA is normally used in political science and with nominal data.
The aim of this paper is to present a way to combine QCA with quantitative
data and methods. A number of European countries are compared according
to their levels of fatal injuries and various structural factors. The
method employed involves a combination of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA) and Pearson correlation.
The QCA table presented shows a pattern where countries with a special
combination of variable values have many traffic accidents and few suicides,
whereas countries with the opposite pattern have few traffic accidents
and many suicides. But it is hard to tell which variables impact on which.
Correlation coefficients, however, reveal the importance of each specific
variable in relation both to each other and to the outcome.
Combining QCA with Pearson correlations compensates for one of the disadvantages
with QCA, namely the difficulty of ranking factors. Correlations, however,
in one way functions similar to QCA in that it gives the same patterning
of variables when not using partial correlations that control for other
variables.
224. MELINDER, Karin A., and Ragnar ANDERSSON. "Multivariate Analysis
in Qualitative Research." 3rd Nordic Health Promotion Research Conference:
2000.
Abstract: Background : Multivariate analysis has mostly been performed
using quantitative methods. In these, controlling for confounders and
inter-correlated variables is treated as important. The aim of this paper
is to discuss the role of confounders and inter-correlated variables when
utilizing qualitative rather than quantitative techniques.
Material and methods: A number of European countries are compared according
to their levels of fatal injuries and various structural factors. The
method employed involves a combination of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA) and Pearson correlation. QCA uses binary data, and has the advantage
of being capable of presenting a pattern on the basis of a variety of
variables. One disadvantage of OCA is that it is hard to rank factors
in accordance with their importance. The advantage of Pearson correlation
is that results can be presented in the form of a matrix displaying values
on many variables.
Results: The QCA table presented shows a pattern where countries with
a special combination of variable values - low GNP, high level of unemployment,
high alcohol consumption and many Catholics - have many traffic accidents
and few suicides, whereas countries with high GNP, a low unemployment
rate, low alcohol consumption and few Catholics do not. But it is hard
to tell which variables impact on which. Pearson correlation coefficients,
however, reveal the importance of each specific variable. When the table
provided by QCA is complemented with Pearson coefficients it is found
that - although both unemployment rate and alcohol consumption contribute
to the formation of the QCA pattern - their roles differ between rich,
non-Catholic countries and less-developed, Catholic countries.
Discussion: Confounding variables, which in quantitative analysis are
seen as problematic, can be regarded as an asset in qualitative analysis.
The latter kind of analysis enables a patterning of cases that is not
possible when relying solely on the former.
225. MILES, Matthew B., and A. Michael HUBERMAN. Qualitative Data Analysis: an Expanded Sourcebook. 2nd revised ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994.
226. MILES, Matthew B., and Eben A. WEITZMAN. "Appendix. Choosing Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis." Qualitative Data Analysis: an Expanded Sourcebook. Matthew B. MILES and A. Michael HUBERMAN. 2nd revised ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994. 311-17.
227. MISUMI, Kazuto. "A Boolean Model of Role Discrimination."
Journal of Mathematical Sociology 26.1-2 (2002): 111-21.
Abstract: This paper analyzes, based on Boolean approach by C.C.Ragin,
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Abstract: This paper analyzes, based on Boolean model of social role,
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who has image X¹ and an observer who has image X². In general,
X can be discriminated by an observer under the condition that X¹X²
equals to X², or at least that X¹X² and X² share one
or more Boolean sum of products. The first order dyscommunication occurs
when one or more role elements are not shared between subgroups of actors.
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type of dyscommunication occurs. Even if each subgroup enrolls the different
elements in the definition of role X respectively, actors might be confronted
with the second order dyscommunication. Being a set of role elements commonly
shared among actors does not mean everyone have same type of image; so
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