COMParative methods for the Advancement of Systematic cross-case analysis and Small-n Studies
International ressource site
NEWS: training, meetings, publications
Didactics: Boolean algebra and QCA logic
CCM Textbook
QCA analysis and (fs)QCA software - applications
Political science (including comparative politics, policy studies)
1. "Children's Agency and Identity.", 2001.
Abstract: Ethnic minority and low income youth are underrepresented in
the academic pipeline to college, although these youth and their families
value and actively pursue opportunities for higher education. One paper
examines students' strategies for attaining their educational and career
goals, including accessing personal, relational, and institutional resources.
Outreach programs in and outside schools build on strengths of students
who show initiative. In this study, application essays of 200 Mexican
descent students (average age, 12 years), all chosen for a community college
outreach program, were coded for their individual, relational, and institutional
strategies and career identities. Qualitative Comparative Analysis was
used to link individual cases with variable-based analyses. In their essays,
most students expressed college-based career goals and identities. Girls
and recent immigrants named fewer resources for obtaining their goals
and relied more on individual and relational thank institutional resources
than did boys and second generation youth. This work addresses how research,
policy, and program practices fostering diversity in higher education
can build on the strategies and strengths of immigrant youth.
2. Fuzzy Sets and Social Research. Vol. 33. London: Sociological methods and research, 2005.
3. ACKRÉN, Maria. "A Summary of Comparing Comparisons: Territorial Autonomies in the Light of Alternative Methods." International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences.
4. AMENTA, Edwin. "Making the Most of a Case Study : Theories of the Welfare State and the American Experience." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 172-94.
5. AMENTA, Edwin. "What We Know About the Development of Social Policy: Comparative and Historical Research in Comparative and Historical Perspective." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 91-130.
6. AMENTA, Edwin, Bruce G. CARRUTHERS, and Yvonne ZYLAN. "A Hero
for the Aged? The Townsend Movement, the Political Mediation Model, and
U.S. Old-Age Policy." American Journal of Sociology 98.2 (1992):
308-39.
Abstract: During the Depression, the Townsend movement enjoyed varied
success in seeking pensions for the aged. Social-movement models predict
that success depends on the mobilization of resources or on collective
action. Other theories predict that economic or political conditions cause
the emergence of movements and changes in public spending. The political
mediation model used here holds that, to succeed, a movement must reinforce
political action with strong organization of members under favorable political
conditions. This article defines "success" and employs various
analytical and empirical strategies, including qualitative comparative
analysis on state-level data, to appraise the models. Although each perspective
has some support, the political mediation model offers the best explanation
of the patterns of successes. The state and the political party system
determine whether mobilization and action benefit a constituency and win
acceptance for a movement organization.
7. AMENTA, Edwin, and Jane Duss POULSEN. "Social Politics in Context
: the Institutional Politics Theory and Social Spending at the End of
the New Deal." Social Forces 75.1 (1996): 33-60.
Abstract: In this article, we develop an institutional politics theory
of public social provision and examine U.S. social spending programs at
the end of the New Deal. This theory integrates key insights of institutional
and political theories of social policy. Drawing on institutional arguments,
our theory holds that the willingness or ability of pro-spending actors
to promote social spending initiatives depends on institutional conditions,
especially the extent of voting rights and the nature of political party
systems. Furthermore, drawing on political arguments, the theory posits
the importance of pro-spending actors, including progressive factions
of political parties and organized challengers. To appraise the institutional
politics theory, we analyze state-level outcomes for Old-Age Assistance
pensions and Works Progress Administration wages, employing multiple regression
and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). All analyses support the institutional
politics theory.
8. ---. "Where to Begin : a Survey of Five Approaches to Selecting Independent Variables for Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 22-53.
9. ARFI, Badredine. "Complex Causality in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Logic Approach." APSA 2004 Annual Meeting: 2004.
10. ---. "Fuzzy Decision Making in Politics: A Linguistic Fuzzy-Set Approach (LFSA)." Political Analysis (2005).
11. ARJA, Tyrkkö. "The Intersection Between Working Life and
Parenthood. A Boolean Approach." Economic and Industrial Democracy.
An International Journal 23.1 (2002).
Abstract: This article aims at investigating the research concerning the
interplay between working life and parenthood in an effort to sort out
what is interesting to discuss and study further. The relationship between
working life and parenthood is discussed focusing on the working life.
Parenthood puts into focus the extent to which there is room for adjusting
to demands from other life spheres when engaged in paid work. The investigation
shows the importance of taking into account the gendered structures and
practices in working life when trying to explain individual adjustment
strategies. Approaches which are built upon a holistic research design,
have proven to be valuable strategies in analyses of such complex phenomena
as the adjustment between working life and family life.
12. AYRTON, Robert. "Analyse en termes d'ensembles flous et son application dans l'étude des modes de mise en oeuvre cantonales de la LACI.", 2002.
13. BADGETT, M. V. Lee. "Variations on an Equitable Theme: Explaining International Same-Sex Partner Recognition Laws." APSA 2004 Annual Meeting: 2004.
14. BALTHASAR, Andreas.
15. BATES, Diane C. "Tourism and Development in the Caribbean: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis.". Rutgers University, 1997.
16. BEFANI, Barbara. "La Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) e la valutazione basata sulla teoria: un connubio possibile." Rassegna Italiana Di Valutazione 2 (2004).
17. BEFANI, Barbara, Simone LEDERMANN, and Fritz SAGER. "Realistic Evaluation and QCA: Conceptual Parallels and an Empirical Application." Evaluation 13.2: 171-92.
18. BEFANI, Barbara, and Fritz SAGER. "QCA As a Toll for Realistic Evaluations. The Case of the Swiss Environmental Impact Assessment." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 263-84.
19. ---. "Realistic Evaluation and QCA. Theoritical Linkages and An Empirical Application." ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation": 2004.
20. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-2: Macro-Quantitative
Vs. Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical
Theories of Democracy.", 2002.
Abstract: There are some new attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative
and qualitative methods in the social sciences. My paper explicitely illustrates
and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant
analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented
methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done
by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy
such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the
specific strengths and weakenesses of the respective methods and theories
are demonstrated.
21. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe - A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39.4 (1998): 335-77.
22. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "Macro-Quantitative Vs Macro-Qualitative
Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical Theories of Democracy."
Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire
de la politique comparée au 21eme siecle" Atelier 2:outils
méthodologiques: 2002.
Abstract: There are some few attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative
and qualitative methods in the social sciences. This paper explicitely
illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster,
or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented
methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done
by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy
such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the
specific strenghts and weaknesses of the respective methods and theories
are demonstrated.
23. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Lasse CRONQVIST. "Macro-Quantitative Vs. Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Science - an Example From Empirical Democratic Theory Employing New Software." Historical Social Research 4.30 (2005): 154-75.
24. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Gisèle DE MEUR. "Conditions of Democracy in Inter-War Europe. A Boolean Test of Major Hypotheses." Discussion Paper. Centre d'Economie Mathématique et d'Econométrie. Université Libre de Bruxelles (1992).
25. ---. "Conditions of Democracy in Interwar Europe : a Boolean Test of Major Hypotheses." Comparative Politics 26.3 (1994): 253-79.
26. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Gisèle DE MEUR. "Reduction of Complexity for a Small-n Analysis: a Stepwise Multi-Methodological Approach." Comparative Social Research 16 (1997): 133-62.
27. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Jeremy MITCHELL, eds. Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-39. Comparative Analyses. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2003.
28. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Sven QUENTER. "Macro-Quantitative Versus Macro-Qualitative Methods in Political Science. Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparative Procedures Using the Welfare-State Theory As an Example." Historical Social Research 21.1 (1996): 3-25.
29. BIGGERT, R. "Why Labor Wins, Why Labor Loses: a Test of Two Theories." The Sociological Quarterly 38.1 (1997): 205-24.
30. BLAKE, Charles H., and Jessica R. ADOLINO. "The Enactment of National Health Insurance: a Boolean Analysis of Twenty Advanced Industrial Countries." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 26.4 (2001): 679-708.
31. BOCHSLER, Daniel. "Electoral Engineering and Inclusion of Ethnic Groups: Ethnic Minorities in Parliaments of Central and Eastern European Countries." COIMPASSS Working Paper 2006-38.
32. BOL, Damien. "Les réformes électorales des pays a philosophie proportionnelle dans les années nonante. Application de QCA a une analyse macro-causale comparée.". Université catholique de Louvain, 2007.
33. BOSWELL, Terry, and Cliff BROWN. "The Scope of General Theory. Methods for Linking Deductive and Inductive Comparative History." Sociological Methods and Research 28.2 (1999): 154-85.
34. BOYER, Robert. Coherence, Diversity and Evolution of Capitalism. The Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis: ?, 2005.
35. BOYER, Robert. "The Diversity of Labor Market Institutions
Governing the "New Economy" Against Technological Determinism."
Session “Labour Market and Human Resources”, SASE 2001 Meeting
“Knowledge: the New Wealth of Nations?”: 2001.
Abstract: The paper combines an historical analysis of the American economy
with a comparison of twenty OECD countries in order to assess the origin
of the emerging growth regime and the basic institutions at the core of
good macroeconomic performances during the 90’s. Whereas the American
case may hint that product and labour market deregulation, venture capital
and NASDAQ are necessary for the success of a technological led growth,
the international comparison suggests the coexistence of at least three
successful configurations. Deregulated economies explore a science pushed
innovation, along with external labour flexibility, significant inequality
in terms of competences. But social democratic countries develop a cooperative
approach to the knowledge based economy: rather homogenous educational
level, life long learning, negotiation by social partners of the consequence
of innovation, collectively organized labour mobility. There is a third
configuration for some catching-up economies that use information technology
as a method for leapfrogging: labour markets remain largely institutionalised
and regulated, without exerting adverse impact upon macroeconomic performance.
By contrast, medium sized economies such as Germany, Italy and France
are experiencing much more difficulties in reforming their labour market
institutions to cope with the challenge of information and telecommunication
technologies (ICT). This might be one of the reasons why, in these countries,
many policy makers do think that they should emulate the typical market
led capitalism institutions. The conclusion of the paper is that they
should instead look for the achievements of European social democratic
countries. This is specially attractive given the current state of European
integration.
36. BRAUN, Thorsten. "Using the Fuzzy-Set Framework to Analyse
Labour-Market Policy Reforms." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section
"Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques,
Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications":
2003.
Abstract: The fuzzy-set framework has generated wide interest in the field
of comparative welfare studies. The primary focus of this paper is an
application of the fuzzy-set framework in a comparative case study of
two different welfare regimes, focusing on their strengths and weaknesses
in relation to labour-market policy reforms up through the 1990s. For
this study I chose one Scandinavian Social Democratic and one Central
European welfare regime, namely Denmark and Germany, respectively.
The fuzzy-set framework is widely seen as a possibility to bridge gaps
between the mainstream case-oriented and variable-oriented approaches.
It provides the opportunity to compare differences in kind and degree
of labour-market policy reforms across countries and over time.
This paper is designed to measure and compare the level of labour-market
policy reforms. The specification of empirical indicators (e.g. the quality
of employment policies) and the translation of data to fuzzy scores give
us an opportunity to assess patterns of the complex labour-market policy
reform process. Thus it will be possible to specify the level of labour-market
policy reform in the two countries. The paper presents the preliminary
results of an application of the fuzzy-set framework, focusing on its
strengths and weaknesses.
37. BRITT, David W. "Analyzing Context-Dependent Policy With Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Midwest Sociological Society Meeting, Panel on "Multi-Method Approaches to Policy Analysis": 1998.
38. BRITT, David W. "Beyond Elaborating the Obvious: Context-Dependent Parental-Involvement Scenarios in a Preschool Program." Applied Behavioral Science Review 6.2 (1998): 179-98.
39. BROWN, Cliff, and Terry BOSWELL. "Strikebreaking or Solidarity in the Great Steel Strike of 1919: A Split Labor Market, Game-Theoretic, and QCA Analysis." American Journal of Sociology 100.6 (1995): 1479-519.
40. BRUEGGEMANN, John, and Terry BOSWELL. "Realizing Solidarity: Sources of Interracial Unionism During the Great Depression." Work and Occupations 25.4 (1998): 436-82.
41. BURSENS, Peter. "Bijlage 5: Uitwerking van de QCA analyse." Impact van instituties op beleidsvorming. Een institutionneel perspectief op besluitvorming in de communautaire pijler van de Europese Unie [PhD dissertation, unpublished]. Peter BURSENS. Antwerpen: Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, 1999. 409-19.
42. BURSENS, Peter. "Impact van instituties op beleidsvorming. Een institutionneel perspectief op besluitvorming in de communautaire pijler van de Europese Unie.". Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, 1999.
43. CAMBRÉ, Bart. "The Potential of QCA for a Contextual Approach With Cross-Cultural Data. The Relationship Between Ethnocentrism and Religiosity." COMPASSS Intimate Seminar.
44. CHAN, Steve. "Explaining War Termination: A Boolean Analysis of Causes." Journal of Peace Research 40.1 (2003): 49-66.
45. CLEMENT, Caty. "The Nuts and Bolds of State Collapse: Common Causes and Different Patterns?" COMPASSS Working Paper, WP2005-32: 2005.
46. CLIFFORD, Elizabeth, and Brian GRAN. "Immigrant Flows: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Economic, Demographic and Political Influences." American Sociological Association (ASA) Meeting, Panel on "Comparative Studies of International Migration in the World System": 2000.
47. CLÉMENT, Caty. "A QCA Analysis of State Collapse.", 2001.
48. ---. State Collapse: a Common Causal Pattern? A Comparative Analysis of Lebanon, Somalia, and the Former-Yugoslavia. Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, 2003.
49. ---. "Un modèle commun d'effondrement de l'Etat? Une AQQC du Liban, de la Somalie et de l'ex-Yougoslavie." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 35-50.
50. COOPER, Barry. "Applying Ragin's Crisp and Fuzzy Set QCA to
Large Datasets: Social Class and Educational Achievement in the National
Child Development Study." Sociological Research Online 10.2 (2005).
Abstract: The paper explores the use of Charles Ragin's Qualitative Comparative
Analysis (QCA) in both its crisp and fuzzy set versions in the study of
the relations between social class origin, sex, 'ability' and subsequent
educational achievement. The work reported is part of a larger ongoing
project which is employing QCA to compare these relations within two birth
cohorts. Here data are used from the British National Child Development
Study, i.e. from children born in 1958. The paper has a methodological
focus, bringing out the strengths but also the difficulties that arise
when employing QCA with a large dataset of this type. In particular, the
problem of calibrating membership in fuzzy sets in a context where detailed
case knowledge is not available is illustrated. It is also shown how the
use of gradually increasing thresholds with Ragin's fs/QCA software can
bring out the relative importance of various factors in accounting for
achievement. The QCA-based analysis suggests that the processes of educational
attainment can, at best, only be seen as partly falling under a 'meritocratic'
description. It is also hoped that this paper will serve as a useful introduction
to the potential of QCA for readers not yet familiar with it.
51. COOPER, Catherine. "Continuity and Change in Mexican Immigrant
Parents' Beliefs About Educación and the Path of Life.", 1999.
Abstract: Strengthening family-school partnerships remains an unmet priority
of school-based initiatives and academic outreach programs, which address
school retention and college attendance among Mexican descent students.
Thus far, these partnerships have been hampered by inaccurate or incomplete
information about Mexican immigrant parents. The proposed study addresses
three research questions: 1) What are the beliefs, goals, and guidance
strategies of Mexican immigrant parents about education as their children
move into adolescence? 2) How do parents' beliefs, goals and guidance
strategies for their two children differ and change over this transition?
3) How do children's academic performance and experiences in and outside
school during this transition play a role in changing parents' beliefs,
goals, and guidance? In the proposed 2-year longitudinal study, 30 Mexican
immigrant parents with at least two children, one in the last year of
elementary school and one in junior or senior high, will be interviewed
as their younger child is completing elementary school and again after
completing the first year of junior high. This longitudinal design spans
the years when many Latino students begin to experience academic difficulties.
Data analyses that link quantitative and qualitative approaches will be
conducted, including longitudinal case studies, prediction analysis, and
Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Findings will contribute to research,
policy, and practice designed to enhance the inclusiveness of family-school
partnerships during the challenging years from childhood to adolescence.
52. COVERDILL, James E., and William FINLAY. "Understanding Mills
Via Mill-Type Methods : an Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
to a Study of Labor Management in Southern Textile Manufacturing."
Qualitative Sociology 18.4 (1995): 457-78.
53. COVERDILL, James E., William FINLAY, and Jack K. MARTIN. "Labor Management in the Southern Textile Industry : Comparing Qualitative, Quantitative, and Qualitative Comparative Analyses." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 54-85.
54. CRESS, D., and D. SNOW. "The Outcome of Homeless Mobilization: the Influence of Organization, Disruption, Political Mediation, and Framing." American Journal of Sociology 105.4 (2000): 1063-104.
55. CRONQVIST, Lasse. "Using Configurational Research to Determine the Conditions of Success of Green Parties.", 2006.
56. CURCHOD, Corentin. "La méthode comparative en sciences
de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité
managériale." Finance Contrôle Stratégie 6.2
(2003): 155-77.
Abstract: =Cet article présente une méthode de recherche
comparative dépassant le classique clivage entre méthodes
qualitatives et quantitatives: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative.
Cette méthode vise à rendre compte de la complexité
des phénomènes, par des études de cas qualitatives,
tout en offrant une technique de traitement des données fondée
sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes
quantitatives, la généralisation des résultats au-delà
des cas observés. Cette méthode de recherche est bien adaptée
aux petites populations - c'est-à-dire à un nombre de cas
entre 4 et 50 - ce qui est fréquent en sciences de gestion.
57. CURCHOD, Corentin, Hervé DUMEZ, and Alain JEUNEMAÎTRE. "Une étude de l'organisation du transport aérien en Europe: les vertus de l'AQQC pour l'exploration de la complexité." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 85-100.
58. CURCHOD, Corentin, and Alain JEUNEMAÎTRE. "Governance
and Performance of Air Traffic Services Providers in Europe: What Lessons
to Be Drawn From Benchmarking Techniques and Comparative Analysis?"
2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in
Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel
"Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications": 2003.
Abstract: European utilities have for long been vertically integrated
and controlled by administrations and state owned companies. However,
the introduction of liberalisation and separation between service provision
and regulation, coupled with change of status of providers, has introduced
a new rationale in the governance of utilities industry.
In that respect, the case of Air Traffic services is particularly illustrative.
Many of the national providers have been separated from the administration
and corporatised. Thus in Air Traffic Services, the governance of provision
now ranges from pure state owned administration to independently regulated
privatisation.
Making use of the data base (20 European service providers, 100 variables)
different techniques can be applied (regression analysis, qualitative
techniques, etc) to highlight the existing relationships between governance
and performance and the weight of external factors.
The paper will aim at reviewing and making use of them (in particular
Correlation vs. Charles Ragin Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA vs.
Fuzzy sets, and fuzzy sets vs. TOSMANA method) illustrating how, from
a unique set of data, different outcomes can be generated with regard
to the existing relationships between performance and governance in the
field of Air Traffic Services.
59. DHILLION, Shivcharn S., and Hanne SVARSTAD. "From Plants in
the South to Medicines in the North: A Cross-Disciplinary Project on Bioprospecting
[Research Programme].", 1996.
Abstract: Increasingly, bioprospecting is being seen as a key tool in
the management of biological diversity in conformity with the Convention
on Biological Diversity. This cross-disciplinary project will investigate
whether bioprospecting in different cases and source countries represents
a sustainable use of biodiversity. Further, the study will seek to investigate
whether bioprospecting is connected to conservation efforts, whether it
has developmental effects, and whether it provides local benefits. Emphasis
will be placed on seeking explanations of the findings from the methods
used by plant collectors and a combination of the following institutional
factors: legal principles for bioprospecting and their implementation
in source countries; characteristics of the state segments relevant for
bioprospecting; the source country's capacity to negotiate specialised
contracts in this area competently and skilfully; the manner and degree
to which various factors and interests are represented in the decision-making
process; legal factors in recipient countries as it may affect the content
and flexibility of bioprospecting agreements; and ethics and policies
of the bioprospectors. Qualitative comparative analysis will be applied
in order to facilitate comparison of different causal conjunctures in
a number of cases.
60. ---, eds. Responding to Bioprospecting: From Biodiversity in the South to Medicines in the North. Oslo: Spartacus Forlag, 2000.
61. DIXON, Marc, Vincent J. ROSCIGNO, and Randy HODSON. "Unions,
Solidarity, and Striking." Social Forces 83.1 (2004): 3-33.
Abstract: Organizational resources and group solidarity are central foci
in literature on social movements generally and worker insurgency specifically.
Research, however, seldom deals with both simultaneously and their potential
interrelations. In this article, we examine the complex relationships
between union organization and worker solidarity relative to strike action.
We draw on a data set of 133 content-coded workplace ethnographies and
use a combination of qualitative comparative analysis and more standard
statistical techniques. Consistent with expectations, results suggest
union presence and
worker solidarity, in and of themselves, have little meaningful association
with strikes. Rather, it is their co-presence that bolsters strike likelihood.
Conversely, a lack of union presence in combination with a lack of collective
mobilization history diminishes overall strike potential. We conclude
by discussing the implications of our argument and findings for more general
social movement perspectives as well as prior work dealing specifically
with unions, solidarity, and collective resistance.
62. Drass, Kriss A. FS/QCA. Vers. 9.62. Las Vegas: 2001.
63. DRIDI, Chokri, and Geoffrey J. D. HEWINGS. "Sectors Associations
and Similarities in Input-Output Systems: an Application of Dual Scaling
and Fuzzy Logic to Canada and the United States.", 2002.
Abstract: Understanding the linkages in an input-output system has been
addressed by various methods, but many focused on the identification of
key sectors in the economy. Sonis et al. (1996) offered as a field of
influence theory an alternative approach focusing on analytical importance
of elements and combinations of elements. The first objective of this
paper is to offer a complementary approach to the field of influence and
the so-called 'Matrioshka principal' (Sonis and Hewings, 1990); the adopted
approach seeks hierarchial associations (i.e. statistical dependence)
between supply and demand in input-output system. The second objective
of this paper is to examine the cluster structure sales and purchases
profiles when the principle of 'excluded middle' is violated by the use
of fuzzy sets. Both approaches are based on the data analysis technique
known as dual scaling (Nishisato, 1980, 1994). Results of this approach
will be applied to input-output tables of the US and Canada.
64. DUCKLES, Beth M., Mark A. HAGER, and Joseph GALASKIEWICZ. "How Nonprofits Close. Using Narratives to Study Organizational Processes." Qualitative Organizational Research (2005): 169-203.
65. DUMONT, Patrick. "Agenda-Setting: Party Manifestos and the Media "2"." Réunion Agenda-setting à Anvers: 2003.
66. DUMONT, Patrick, and Hanna BÄCK. "Why So Few and Why So Late? Green Parties and the Question of Governmental Participation." European Journal of Political Research 45.S (2006): s35-s68.
67. DUMONT, Patrick, and Hanna BÄCK. "COMPASSS Working Paper
2003-11: Why So Few, and So Late? Green Parties and the Question of Governmental
Participation.", 2003. 44 pp.
Abstract: Green parties have been represented in the parliaments of European
Union countries since 1981 but only a few have entered national governments,
and this has not happened until recently. Using a data-set comprising
44 government formation opportunities where Greens were represented in
parliament, we show that parties involved in these bargaining situations
were more office-oriented than earlier studies argued. As Green parties
are less office-seeking than other parties, this general tendency for
office-seeking behaviour in government formation may partly account for
the scarcity of Greens in government. Further, we test a number of hypotheses
derived from theories that account for the specific nature of Green parties
in terms of their office-, policy- and vote-seeking orientations. We find
that Greens participate in government when they have lost at least one
election, when they are identified as a clear electoral threat by the
main party of the left and when the policy-distance between the Greens
and the main left party is small. As these simultaneous conditions only
materialized recently, and in a few countries, we argue that our analysis,
which is the first comparative and multivariate test on this question,
helps explaining the scarcity and the delay of Green governmental participation.
68. DYCHAWY-ROSNER, Irena, M. EKLUND, and A. ISACSSON. "Caring
Dynamics As Perceived by Staff Supporting Daily Occupations for Developmentally
Disabled Adults." Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 15.2 (2001):
123-32.
Abstract: This study addresses the issue of what direct care staff experience
as a hinder or a help when supporting daily occupations among people with
mental retardation. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire
consisting of open-ended questions about the staff's perceived work experience.
The respondents (n=81), corresponding to 96% of all care staff employed
in a geographically defined care area in southern Sweden, worked with
various day activity units supporting the daily occupations of their clients.
An inductive method using qualitative comparative analysis and coding
paradigm described by Strauss have been used as approach for the elaboration
and the analysis of the data.
The results suggests that clinical actions are rooted in the dynarnic
relationship that exist between the respondents' perceived realities of
practice and their application. The staff´s experiences were captured
as a series of actions and reactions in a variety of ways involving relations,
interactions and interventions vis-a-vis their clients (the process of
practice). This process is based on two areas: the phases of support actions
and the dimensions of this support actions. The process of practice can
take the form of increasing or failing to develop of the staff´s
competence to create interventions with mentally retarded persons. For
example, when difficulties are experienced was a tendency to fix on certain
dimensions in the attitude of the staff, e.g. a negative and conflict-laden
pattern of communication. It was suggested that to develop the quality
of caregivers' interventions when supporting the daily activities of their
clients, effort should be put into the identification of the structures
embodied in the process of practice which increase the competence of staff.
69. EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard, and Jelle VISSER. "When Institutions
Matter: Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe, 1950-95." MZES
Arbeitspapiere / Working Papers .I/30 (1998): 1-37.
Abstract: During the early post-war period, Western trade union movements
grew in membership and achieved an institutionalized role in industrial
relations and politics. However, during the last decades, many trade unions
have seen their membership decline as they came increasingly under pressures
due to the social, economic and political changes. This article reviews
the main structural, cyclical and institu-tional factors explaining union
growth and decline. Concentrating on Western Europe, the empirical analysis
compares cross-national union density data for 13 countries over the first
period (1950-75) and for 16 countries over the second, "crisis"
period (1975-95). The quantitative correlation and re-gression analysis
indicates that structural and cyclical factors fail explain the level
and changes in unionization across Western Europe, while institutional
variables fare better. In a second, qualitative comparative analysis,
the authors stress the need to explain cross-national differences in the
level or trend of unionization by a set of institutional arrangements:
the access of unions to representation in the workplace, the availability
of a selective incentive in the form of a union-administered unemploy-ment
scheme, recognition of employers through nation-wide and sectoral corporatist
institutions, and closed shop arrangements for forced membership. Such
institutional configurations support member-ship recruitment and membership
retention, and define the conditions for the strategic choice of trade
unions in responding to structural social-economic, political and cultural
changes.
70. EDWARDS, Sean J. A. "Military History of Swarming." PP , 2003.
71. EGAN, Patrick. "The Political Viability of U.S. Social Policies, 1981-1996.", 2002.
72. EGEA-DE HARO, Alfonso. "Globalization Within National Contexts:
Elusive Concepts." Oslo Summer School in Comparative Social Science
Studies 2001: "Comparative Methodology": 2001.
Abstract: The impact of globalization upon national political contexts
is considered as one of the main puzzles in social research. The discussion
is mostly centred on how to measure that influence of the globalization
process. Consequently, the methodological design of the research is one
of the key points at stake. This paper suggests that a combination of
quantitative and a historical insitutionalism elements is required in
order to analyse the impact of globalisation upon national contexts. The
difference between quantitative and historical insitutionalism methodology
concerns the level of parsimony required in the social scientific explanation.
In other word, while quantitative approach is prone to minimize the explanatory
variables of the phenomenon analysed, historical institutionalism provides
a plentiful setting of potential explanatory variables interactions but,
at the same time, it is difficult to generalise the findings due to research
is case driven. Quantitative studies overcome that withdraw of institutionalism,
but quantitative analysis lack causality analysis and the definition of
the property space of investigation.
The scope of the analysis suggested is prone to a first exploration based
on a theoretically scope of the units of analysis involved in the research.
This perspective based on comparative methodology permits to take into
consideration the relationship between variables and the homogeneity of
cases as configurations of such variables.
73. FISS, Peer C. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-24: Towards a Set-Theoretic
Approach for Studying Organizational Configurations.", 2004.
Abstract: I argue that research on organizational configurations has been
limited by a mismatch between theory and methods. While configurational
theory stresses nonlinearity, synergistic effects, and equifinality, empirical
research has largely drawn on methods that assume linearity, additive
effects, and unifinality. I introduce set-theoretic methods as a viable
alternative for overcoming this mismatch. Set-theoretic methods conceptualize
cases as combinations of attributes and use Boolean algebra to derive
simplified expressions of combinations that lead to a specific outcome.
I demonstrate the value of such methods for studying organizational configurations
and discuss their applicability for examining equifinality and limited
diversity among configurations.
74. ---. " A Set-Theoretic Approach for Studying Organizational
Configurations." COMPASSS Working Paper 2005-30, Re-Worked Version
of the WP2004-24.
Abstract: I argue that research on organizational configurations has been
limited by a mismatch between theory and methods. While configurational
theory stresses nonlinearity, synergistic effects, and equifinality, empirical
research has largely drawn on methods that assume linearity, additive
effects, and unifinality. I introduce set-theoretic methods as a viable
alternative for overcoming this mismatch. Set-theoretic methods conceptualize
cases as combinations of attributes and use Boolean algebra to derive
simplified expressions of combinations that lead to a specific outcome.
I demonstrate the value of such methods for studying organizational configurations
and discuss their applicability for examining equifinality and limited
diversity among configurations.
75. FOWERAKER, J., and Todd LANDMAN. Citizenship Rights and Social Movements: a Comparative and Statistical Enquiry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
76. FUJITA, Taisuke. "Explaining the Determinants of External Aggressiveness in Trade Policy: the Use of the Dispute Settlement Institution in the GATT." International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences: 2006.
77. ---. "External Aggressiveness and Internal Restraining. Causal Multiplicity in the Determinants of the Use of the Dispute Settlement in the GATT/WTO." [Article Submitted for Publication] (2007).
78. GILARDI, Fabrizio. ""Galton's Problem"and Diffusion Processes: Challenges and Solutions for Comparative Methods." International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences.
79. GLADSTONE, Jack A. "Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Evolutions." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 41-90.
80. GOERTZ, Gary. "Assessing the Trivialness, Relevance, and Relative
Importance of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in Social
Science." Studies in Comparative International Development 41.2 (2006):
88-109.
Abstract: Political scientists of all stripes have proposed numerous necessary
or sufficient
condition hypotheses. For methodologists a question is how can we assess
tlie importance
of these necessary cotiditions. This article addresses three central questions
about the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions. The first
concerns
the "triviainess" of necessary or sufficient conditions. The
second is how much a
necessary or sufficient condition is "relevant?" The third important
question deals
with Ihe relative importance of necessary or sufficient conditions: for
example, if A",
and A', are necessary or sufTicient conditions., is one more important
than the other?
The article develops measures to assess the importance of necessary or
sufficient
conditions in three related contexts: (!) Venn diagrams, (2) 2 x 2 tables,
and (3)
fuzzy sets. Two empirical examples are discussed at length: (1) Skocpol's
States and
Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France. Russia, and China
atid (2)
Ragin's (2000) analysis of the causes of IMF riots.
81. GOERTZ, Gary. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-7: Assessing the
Importance of Necessary or Sufficient Conditions in Fuzzy-Set Social Science.",
2003. 33pp.
Abstract: Assessing the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions
in fuzzy-set social science
Political scientists of all stripes have proposed numerous necessary or
sufficient condition hypotheses. For methodologists a question is then
how can we assess the ``importance'' of these necessary conditions. This
paper addresses two central questions about the importance of necessary
or sufficient conditions. The first regards their ``absolute'' importance
which is addressed via the concept of the trivialness of necessary or
sufficient conditions. The second importance question deals with the relative
importance of necessary or sufficient conditions: for example, if X_1
and X_2 are necessary or sufficient conditions, is one more important
than the other? The paper develops measures to assess the importance of
necessary or sufficient conditions in three related contexts: (1) Venn
diagrams, (2) 2x2 tables, and (3) fuzzy logic, with an emphasis on fuzzy
logic methods. The empirical analysis uses the measures of absolute and
relative importance to extend Ragin's (2000) discussion of the causes
of IMF riots.
82. GOERTZ, Gary, and James MAHONEY. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-6:
Two-Level Theories and Fuzzy Logic.", 2003. 32 pp.
Abstract: Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at
two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another.
Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis
have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues
that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article,
we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the
issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show
that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both
specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological,
or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and
specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and
sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these
theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. We illustrate
this by doing an empirical, fuzzy-set of Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions.
However, as the Skocpol example shows, fuzzy-set methods are not effective
if the investigator fails to be clear about the two-level structure of
these theories from the onset.
83. ---. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-19: Two-Level Theories and
Fuzzy Sets.", 2004.
Abstract: Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at
two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another.
Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis
have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues
that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article,
we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the
issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show
that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both
specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological,
or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and
specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and
sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these
theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. However,
to realize this potential, investigators using fuzzy-set methods must
be clear about the two-level structure of their theories from the onset.
We illustrate these points through an empirical, fuzzy-set test of Skocpol’s
States and Social Revolutions.
84. GOERZ, Gary, and James MAHONEY. "Two-Level Theories and Fuzzy Set Analysis." Sociological Methods and Research 33.4 (2005): 497-538.
85. GOODWIN, Jeff. "Between Success and Failure: Persistent Insurgencies." No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. ed. Jeff GOODWIN. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 217-55.
86. GOODWIN, Jeff. "The Limits of Repression: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Counterinsurgency." Conference on "Mobilization and Repression: What We Know and Where We Should Go From Here?": 2001.
87. ---. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
88. GORDIN, Jorge. "The Electoral Fate of Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe: a Boolean Test of Extant Explanations." Scandinavian Political Studies 24.2 (2001): 149-70.
89. GOULD, Roger V. "Uses of Network Tools in Comparative Historical Research." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 241-69.
90. GRAN, Brian, et al. "Explaining Children's Rights: An International Analysis of the Children's Rights Index." 2004 Annual Meeting of Research Committee 19: 2004.
91. GRASSI, Davide. "Democratic Consolidation in 12 Latin American
Countries." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological
Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications",
Panel "QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) in Comparative Research:
Applications": 2003.
Abstract: Studies on democratic consolidation, especially those dealing
with the impact of economic development, have often been constructed as
encompassing comparative analyses, comprising a large number of countries
from different parts of the globe and periods of time extending over several
decades. Yet, the specific effects of certain factors, operating for considerable
numbers of countries and different historical phases, may disappear when
more precisely defined spatial and temporal contexts are considered. Thus,
whenever we are interested in particular regions and time spans, the findings
of empirical investigations extending to other countries and periods of
time need to be judged with caution and often disaggregated and analyzed
at a lower level.
Accordingly, this article seeks to ascertain which factors have facilitated
the survival of 12 Latin American democracies, established or re-established
between the 1950s and the 1980s. Our findings show that democratic consolidation
is the result of particular configurations of time sensitive facilitating
factors. In particular, the endurance of the latest democracies has been
crucially determined by legitimacy conditions and by the levels of repression
exercised under the previous authoritarian regimes. In addition, when
compared to some of the most entrenched Latin American democracies, installed
in previous democratic waves and surviving for several decades to our
days, the latest democratic regimes appear quite original. For instance,
strong and cohesive party systems were fundamental in explaining the continued
existence of democracies established or re-established in earlier democratic
waves, but do not play a similar role in the last one. Thus, the specific
way the preceding political record, both democratic and authoritarian,
and the organization of political representation affect democratic survival
varies considerably over time.
92. GRASSI, Davide. "Democratic Consolidation in Contemporary Political Regimes : the Case of Latin America.", 2003.
93. GRASSI, Davide. "The Study of New Democracies in Latin America and Elsewhere: Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of the "Transitions Project" at the Woodrow Wilson Center." Washington Conference: 2004.
94. ---. "La survie des régimes démocratiques: une AQQC des démocraties de la "troisième vague" en Amérique du Sud." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 17-33.
95. GREENBERG, Greg, Jeanine MOUNT, and William BRANDON. "Protecting
Medicaid Mental Health Safety-Net Providers: Analysis of 29 States' Contracting
Practices." 128th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association
(APHA): 2000.
Abstract: Concern about the viability of mental health "safety-net"
providers has led many states to include protections for them in state
Medicaid contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs). Most commonly
states include contract provisions that encourage MCOs to include safety-net
providers in their networks, thus protecting them from much of the competition
associated with managed care. We used qualitative comparative analysis
(QCA) to examine the role of four aspects of state's public health care
delivery systems in influencing whether Medicaid-MCO contracts had these
provisions. QCA is based on the logic and techniques of Boolean algebra
and allows one to identify the multiple and conjunctural causes of an
event as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions for an event
to occur. QCA is particularly helpful for examining situations with complex
patterns of interactions among the specified conditions. Using QCA we
examined (1) stakeholders' roles (consumers and providers participation
in the design and monitoring of state health systems); (2) state political
climate and public attitudes about government provision of health services;
(3) insulation of mental health services from non-mental healthcare (measured
by carve-out status and existence of an independent implementing mental
health agency); (4) bargaining strength of MCOs vis-a-vie state Medicaid
agencies. The last was investigated by examining such factors as the state's
need for greater numbers of MCOs and what the state could provide MCOs
in terms of market size and reimbursement. This analysis used multiple
sources to obtain data for twenty-nine states.
96. GRENDSTAD, Gunnar. "Causal Complexity and Party Preference."
European Journal of Political Research 46.1 (2007): 121-49.
Abstract: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) overlaps logistic regression
in explaining events, but challenges the latter's lack of accounting for
causal omplexity.QCA has only to a limited degree been applied to large-N
studies or individuals as cases and has not incorporated the logic of
probability.QCAand logistic regression are compared with respect to logic,
procedure and outcome. Political orientations from five national surveys
are adapted to the requirements of the two methods. The methods are demonstrated
on explanations of individuals' party preferences.QCA and logistic regression
converge and overlap in identifying degrees of causal complexity, in ascertaining
model significance and in identifying antecedents to party preference.
Results differ in degree, not in kind.A slightly more nuanced picture
emerges using the QCA approach, whereas logistic regression delivers greater
parsimony. Choice of method(s) is not arbitrary. QCA can easily be used
on any large-N research problem. It should apply probability when appropriate.
97. GRIFFIN, Larry J., et al. "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity: Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Union Growth and Decline." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 32 (1991): 110-36.
98. ---. "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity : Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Growth and Decline." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 110-36.
99. GRIMM, Heike. "Entrepreneurship Policy and Regional Economic Growth. Exploring the Link and Theoretical Implications." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 123-44.
100. GROSSMAN, Emiliano, and Cornelia WOLL. "Associations Matter: Reconsidering the Political Strategies of Firms in the European Union." Paper Presented at the EUSA Tenth Biennial International Conference: Montreal, Canada, 2007.
101. HAEGE, Franck M. "Constructivism, Fuzzy Sets and (Very) Small-N: Revisiting the Conditions for Communicative Actions ." COMPASSS Working Paper 2005-33.
102. ---. "Constructivism, Fuzzy Sets and (Very) Small-N: Revisiting the Conditions for Communicative Actions ." Journal of Business Research 60.3 (2007): 512-21.
103. HAGAN, John, and Suzanne HANSFORD-BOWLES. "From Resistance to Activism: the Emergence and Persistence of Activism Among American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada." Social Movements Studies 4.3: 231-59.
104. HAGE, Frank M. "Constructivism, Fyzzy Sets and (Very) Small-N: Revisiting the Conditions for Communicative Action." Methodology Matters.
105. HAGGERTY, Terry R. "Unravelling Patterns of Multiple Conjunctural Causation in Comparative Research: Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Method." Journal of Comparative Physical Education and Sport 14 (1992): 19-27.
106. HALL, C. "Institutional Solutions for Governing the Global Commons: Design Factors and Effectiveness." Journal of Environment and Development 7.2 (1998): 86-114.
107. HALL, Peter A. "Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY, James MAHONEY, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 373-405.
108. HARKREADER, Steve, and Allen-W IMERSHEIN. "The Conditions
for State Action in Florida's Health-Care Market." Journal of Health
Social Behavior 40.2 (1999): 159-74.
Abstract: Despite lack of confidence in government agencies to operate
a nationalized health-care system in the United States, government agencies
have significantly influenced the distribution and financing of health-care
services in the market. Using the State of Florida as a case study, we
examine the conditions under which a state health-care agency can consistently
influence health-care market arrangements. We examined records from Florida's
legislative sessions between 1965 and 1993 focusing on 27 legislative
initiatives to involve the state's health-care agencies in the health-care
services market. Using Boolean qualitative comparative analysis (QCA),
we examined th conditions that facilitated or inhibited legislative policy
initiatives for state action in Florida's health-care services market.
The cohesiveness of state administrative agency and legislative leadership
is of primary importance. Fragmented interests among health-care providers
and fiscally legitimate policy positions, Whether those of state agencies
or health-care providers, are important enabling factors for state action.
109. HEIKKILA, Tanya. "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management: a Comparative Analysis of Water Management Agencies in California." Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis: 2001.
110. ---. "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management:
A Comparative Analysis of Water Management Programs in California."
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23.1 (2003): 97-117.
Abstract: Policymakers and academics often identify institutional boundaries
as one of the factors that shape the capacity of jurisdictions to manage
natural resources such as water, forests, and scenic lands. This article
examines two key bodies of literature - common-pool resource management
theory and local public economy theory - to explain how the boundaries
of political jurisdictions affect natural resource management. Two empirical
methods were used to test hypotheses from the literature, using a study
of water management programs in California. The results demonstrate that
institutional boundaries that coincide with natural resources are likely
to be associated with the implementation of more effective resource management
programs. At the same time, where jurisdictions can control through coordination,
they can also facilitate more effective resource management where jurisdictions
do not match resource boundaries. © 2004 by the Association for Public
Policy Analysis and Management.
111. HEIKKILA, Tanya, and Kimberley ISETT. "Groundwater Governance and Conjunctive Water Management in California: an Institutional Analysis." National Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management: 2000.
112. HELLSTRÖM, Eeva. Conflict Cultures. Qualitative Comparative
Analysis of Environmental Conflicts in Forestry. Silva Fennica Monographs
2. Helsinki: The Finnish Society of Forest Science / The Finnish Forest
Research Institute, 2001.
Abstract: This research compares environmental conflicts in forestry in
seven cases during 1984-1995. The cases include Finland, France, Minnesota
USA, Norway, Pacific Northwest USA, Sweden and West Germany. The research
is based on the notion that each society has its own ‘cultural’
ways of producing and managing environmental conflicts in forestry, depending
on the social, political, economic, and resource characteristics of the
society. The purpose of the study is to describe these conflict cultures,
to identify and analyse the societal aspects that impact them, and to
discuss the implications of understanding conflicts as cultural phenomena.
The research is based on focused interviews of multiple actors related
to forest management and protection. For the data analysis, a ‘hermeneutic’
(interpretative and understanding) approach is introduced to Qualitative
Comparative Analysis, the use of which has been dominated by causal applications.
As a result of the analysis, models of conflict cultures and conflict
management strategies are constructed. The model of conflict cultures
indicates three basic dimensions of conflict culture, and defines how
they are related to each other. These dimensions are mild vs. intense
conflicts, separatist vs. co-operative relations between actors and stability
vs. change in forest resource policy and use. The model of conflict management
strategies indicates to what extent the different cases place emphasis
on interactive vs. institutional conflict management, and the management
of conflicting (sub)cultures within the society vs. the conflict culture
of the society.
113. ---. "Environmental Forestry Conflicts, Forest Policies and the Use of Forest Resources - Recent Developments in USA, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland and Norway." European Forest Institute Working Paper (Joensuu, Finland) .7 (1996): 1-72.
114. ---. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A Useful Tool for Research into Forest Policy and Forestry Conflicts." Forest Science 44.2 (1998): 254-65.
115. HELLSTRÖM, Eeva, and Kati RANTALA. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Opening New Paths for Social Research in Forestry." 21st IUFRO World Congress, Technical Session "Interface Between Forest Science and Policy Making": 2000.
116. HERALA, Nina. Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in Comparative Law. Comparison of the Legal Regulation of Sustainable Development in Physical Planning in Denmark and Finland. Vaasa, Finland: Vaasan Yliopisto, 2004.
117. HICKS, Alexander M. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Analytical Induction : the Case of the Emergence of the Social Security State." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 86-113 .
118. HICKS, Alexander M., Joy MISRA, and Nah Ng TANG. "The Programmatic Emergence of the Social Security State." American Sociological Review 60.3 (1995): 329-50.
119. HINO, Airo. "Electoral Fate of New Parties: Effects of Government Participation in Comparative Perspective." Joint Session of the ECPR, Workshop "New Parties in Government": 2004.
120. ---. "The Emergence and Success of New Parties in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis of 15 Democracies, 1950-2004.". University of Essex, Department of Government, 2004.
121. HODSON, Randy, and Vincent J. ROSCIGNO. "Organizational Success and Worker Dignity : Complementary or Contradictory ?" American Journal of Sociology 110.3 (2004): 672-708.
122. HOEL, Alf Hakon. Performance of Exclusive Economic Zones: IDGEC Report (Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change), 2000.
123. HUBER, Evelyne, Charles C. RAGIN, and John D. STEPHENS. "Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure, and the Welfare State." American Journal of Sociology 99.3 (1993): 711-49.
124. HYTTINEN, Pentti, Anssi NISKANEN, and Andreas OTTITSCH. "New Challenge for the Forest Sector to Contribute to Rural Development in Europe." Land Use Policy 17.3 (2000): 221-32.
125. IDIART, Alma. "Stable Democracies in Latin America? Advancing
Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens's Analysis for the Latin American
Cases ." Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting: 1998.
Abstract: This paper attempts to further Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens's
(1992) comparative historical analysis of democratization and theory building
for their Latin American cases by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA) as a technique for the implementation of analytical induction (Hicks
1994). For early waves of democratization two paths are identified. One
is defined by (moderate) non-mining export sectors aided by clientelistic
parties. The other is constituted by the same sectoral configuration aided
by elite contestation. For latter waves, three alternative configurations
are defined. For all these three configurations, given the presence of
political parties during the second democratic period the combination
of two of the following three factors allows for second wave stable democracies:
1) the absence of industrialization preceding democratization processes;
2) the presence of strong mechanisms of elite contestation (under the
form of electoral contestation); and 3) the antecedent of previously stable
democracies.
126. INABA, Akihide. "Enzyo Koudou wo Sokusin/Yokusei suru Zyouken : Meta Bunseki heno Ouyou [Application of Boolean approach to Meta Analysis : Using Helping Behavior Data]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001. 130-47.
127. ISHIDA, Atsushi, Miya YONETANI, and Kenji KOSAKA. "Determinants
of Linguistic Human Rights Movements: An Analysis of Multiple Causation
of LHRs Movements Using a Boolean Approach." Social Forces 84.4 (2006):
1937-55.
Abstract: We examine the social background of movements for linguistic
human rights by way of QCA analysis. Linguistic human rights have been
a focus of interests widely among scholars, but no sustained effort was
done to see determinants of the social background of movements for the
rights. We chose candidate factors such as diversity of languages within
a country, literacy rate, population size, national income as an index
of affluence, and existence of constitution supporting the rights to explain
the occurrence of social movements. We collected and created data in proper
form for 157 countries in the world, which was subject to QCA analysis.
Our conclusion is that the economic affluence and perhaps the educational
level play greater roles for linguistic minority people to assert their
human rights. An explicit formula will be shown and discussed in the main
text.
128. JACKSON, Gregory. "Employee Representation in the Board Compared: a Fuzzy Sets Analysis of Corporate Governance, Unionism and Political Institutions." COMPASSS Working Paper 2006-36.
129. JACKSON, Gregory. "Employee Representation in the Board Compared: a Fuzzy Sets Analysis of Corporate Governance, Unionism and Political Institutions." Industrielle Beziehungen 3.12 (2005): 28.
130. JACOBS, Jörg. "Des Kaisers neue Kleider? Fuzzy-Set-Sozialwissenschaften und die Analyse von mittleren Ns." Vergleichende Politikwissenschaftliche Methoden. Neue Entwicklungen und Diskussionen. eds Susanne PICKEL, et al. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003. 135-50.
131. JAHN, Detlef. New Politics in Trade Unions : Applying Organization Theory to the Ecological Discourse on Nuclear Energy in Sweden and Germany. Aldershot: Dartmouth Publ., 1993.
132. JANOSKI, Thomas, and Alexander M. HICKS, eds. The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
133. JOHNSON, Linda S. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: Applications to City/County Consolidation." Southern Political Science Meeting: 1999.
134. JOHNSON, Linda S., and Richard C. FEIOCK. "City-County Consolidation : a Qualitative Comparative Approach." , 2001.
135. KACPRZYK, Janusz, ed. Fuzzy Systems Design. Social and Engineering Applications. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verl, 1998.
136. KAEDING, Michael. Better Regulation in the European Union: Lost in Translation or Full Steam Ahead? The Transposition of EU Transport Directives Across Member States. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2007.
137. KANGAS, Olli, and Jon KVIST. "Variables or Cases: Different Methods Different Results?" International Conference on Comparative Social Sciences.
138. KANGAS, Ollie. The Politics of Social Rights : Studies on the Dimensions of Sickness Insurance in 18 OECD Countries. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1991.
139. ---. "The Politics of Social Security : on Regressions, Qualitative Comparisons, and Cluster Analysis." The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. eds Thomas JANOSKI and Alexander M. HICKS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 346-64.
140. KATZ, Aaron, Matthias VOM HAU, and James MAHONEY. "Explaining the Great Reversal in Spanish America: Fuzzy Set Analysis Versus Regression Analysis." Sociological Methods and Research 33.4 (2005): 539-73.
141. KATZ, Aaron, Matthias VOM HAU, and James MAHONEY. "Explaining the Great Reversal in Spanish America: Fuzzy-Set Methods Versus Statistical Methods." Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association: 2004. 49 pp.
142. KATZNELSON, Ira. "Periodization and Preferences: Reflections on Purposive Action In Comparative Historical Social Science." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 270-303.
143. KING, Robert L., and Arch G. WOODSIDE. "Qualitative Comparative
Analysis of Travel and Tourism Purchase-Consumption Systems." Tourism
Analysis 5 (2000): 105-11.
Abstract: A purchase-consumption system (PCS) is the sequence of mental
and observable steps a consumer undertakes to buy and use several products
for which some of the products purchased lead to a purchase sequence involving
other products. Some researchers recommend the use of qualitative comparative
analysis (i.e., the use of Boolean algebra) to create possible typologies
and then to compare these typologies to empirical realities. Possible
types of streams of trip decisions from combinations of five destination
options with six travel mode options and four accommodation categories,
three accommodation brands, five within-area route options, and four in-destination
area visit options result in 7200 possible decision paths. The central
PCS proposition is that several decisions within a customer's PCS are
dependent on prior purchases of products that trigger these later purchases.
In this article, four additional propositions are presented for examination
in future research. To examine the propositions and the usefulness of
the PCS framework for tourism research, qualitative, long interviews of
visitors to an island tourism destination (the Big Island of Hawaii) were
conducted. The results include strong empirical support for the five propositions.
Several suggestions for future research are offered.
144. KISER, Edgar, Kriss A. DRASS, and William BRUSTEIN. "Ruler Autonomy and War in Early Modern Western Europe." International Studies Quarterly 39 (1995): 109-38.
145. KITCHENER, Martin, Malcolm BEYNON, and Charlene HARRINGTON. "Qualitative
Comparative Analysis and Public Services Research: Lessons From an Early
Application ." Public Management Review 4.4 (2002): 485-504 .
Abstract: This article introduces the qualitative comparative analysis
(QCA) method, provides a detailed description of an early application
in US public management research and draws lessons from the experience.
In methodological terms, we show that QCA requires coding decisions that
influence outcomes significantly and emphasize that this secondary data
analysis technique be used in conjunction with primary methods in order
to consider issues of process. The substantive findings from our application
in a study of state-level barriers to policy diffusion indicate the potential
of QCA as a systematic approach to the identification of linkages between
causal factors that emerge as important to case study participants.
146. KITTEL, Bernhard. "Causes of Bargaining Trends in Industrial Relations: the Impact of Structural, Cyclical, and Political Factors in a Comparative Perspective." Conflicts and Consensus. Pluralism and Neocorporatism in New and Old Democracies at the Region. eds Samo KROPIVNIC, Igor LUKSIC, and Drago ZAJC. Ljubljana: Slovenian Political Science Association, 1997. 225-52.
147. KITTEL, Bernhard, Herbert OBINGER, and Uwe WAGSCHAL. "Determinanten der Konsolidierung und Expansion des Wohlfahrtsstaates im internationalen Vergleich.", 2000. 34 pp.
148. KLIR, George J., Ute St. CLAIR, and Bo YUAN. Fuzzy Sets Theory. Foundations and Applications. Neew-Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR, 1997.
149. KOENIG-ARCHIBUGI. "Explaining Government Preferences for Institutional
Change in EU Foreign and Security Policy." International Organization
54.1 (2004): 137-74.
Abstract: Some member states of the European Union (EU) want a supranational
foreign and security policy while other member states oppose any significant
limitation of national sovereignty in this domain. What explains this
variation? Answering this question could help to understand better not
only the trajectory of European unification but also the conditions and
prospects of consensual political integration in other regional contexts
and territorial scales. The main research traditions in international
relations theory suggest different explanations. I examine the role of
relative power capabilities, foreign policy interests, Europeanized identities,
and domestic multilevel governance in determining the preferences of the
fifteen EU member governments concerning the institutional depth of their
foreign and security policy cooperation. I find that power capabilities
and collective identities have a significant impact, but the effect of
ideas about the nature and locus of sovereignty, as reflected in the domestic
constitution of each country, is particularly remarkable.
150. KOENIG-ARCHIBUGI, Mathias. "Explaining Government Preferences for Institutional Change in EU Foreign and Security Policy." International Organizations 58 (2004): 137-74.
151. KOGUT, Bruce. "The Transatlantic Exchange of Ideas and Practices: National Institutions and Diffusion." Les Notes de l'IFRI 26.3 (2000): 7-46.
152. KOGUT, Bruce, John Paul MACDUFFIE, and Charles C. RAGIN. "Prototypes and Strategy: Assigning Causal Credit Using Fuzzy Sets.", 2004. 59 pp.
153. ---. "Prototypes, Complements, and Fuzzy Work Practices: Assigning Causal Credit for Performance." Working Papers of the Reginald H. Jones Center, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (2002): 63 pp.
154. KROOK, Mona Lena. "Comparing Methods for Studying Women in Politics: Statistical, Case Study, and Qualitative-Comparative Techniques ." [Draft Article] (2007).
155. ---. "Comparing Methods for Studying Women in Politics: Statistical, Case Study, and Qualitative-Comparative Techniques." 4th ECPR General Conference, Panel on "Comparative Research Design and Configurational Methods": Pisa, 2007.
156. ---. "Comparing Methods for Studying Women in Politics: Statistical, Case Study, and Qualitative-Comparative Techniques." Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association: 2005.
157. ---. "Temporality and Causal Configurations: Combining Sequence
Analysis and Fuzzy Set / Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Annual
Meeting of the APSA, Philadelphia: 2006.
Abstract: time & sequence, optimal matching
158. KVIST, Jon. "Changing Rights and Obligations in Unemployment Compensation: Using Fuzzy Set Theory to Explore Policy Diversity." Social Security in the Global Village. eds Roland SIGG and Christina BEHRENDT. New Brunswick: Transaction publishers, 2002Previous version (working paper) can be downloaded from www.sfi.dk.
159. KVIST, Jon. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-15: Conceptualisation,
Configuration, and Categorisation - Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets
in Comparative Welfare State Research.", 2003. 29 pp.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set
theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation
of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical
constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal
types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity
and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves
differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories.
In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation
of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity.
Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure
and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner
that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements
and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis
and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative
studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the
1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity
to predefined ideal typical models.
160. ---. "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Categorisation
- Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research.",
2003. 31 pp.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set
theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation
of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical
constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal
types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity
and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves
differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories.
In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation
of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity.
Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure
and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner
that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements
and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis
and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative
studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the
1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity
to predefined ideal typical models.
161. ---. "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Classification
Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Social Research." 2nd ECPR General
Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research
: Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in
Comparative Research: Applications": 2003.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set
theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation
of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical
constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal
types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity
and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves
differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories.
In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation
of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity.
Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure
and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner
which is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements
and principles of fuzzy set theory which are useful for ideal type analysis
and presents an illustrative example of how it can be used in comparative
studies. The example concerns changing welfare policies and employment
performance during the 1990s in a number of Northern European countries
and relates to their conformity to predefined ideal typical work-welfare
models.
162. ---. "Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 167-84.
163. KVIST, Jon. "Idealtyper og fuzzy mængdelære i
komparative studier - nordisk familiepolitik i 1990erne
som eksempel." Dansk Sociologi 11.3 (2000): 71-94.
Abstract: Ideal types and fuzzy sets in comparative studies – Exemplified
by Nordic family policy in the 1990s
Fuzzy set theory is a new approach in social science. It allows precise
operationalisation of theoretical concepts, configuration of concepts
in analytical constructs such as ideal types, and the categorisation of
cases in relation to such concepts and analytical constructs. The method
is particular well-suited for studies with a medium number of cases that
aims to explore diversity, that is the simultaneous study of similarities
and differences of a qualitative and quantitative nature. The paper sets
out main elements of fuzzy set theory and demonstrates its potential use
in an analysis of the recent developments in family policy in the Nordic
countries. In relation to an ideal typical Social Democratic family policy
model, the type and scope of numerous policy changes are assessed. All
countries expand the degree of universality in childcare, and Norway,
the most traditional of the Nordic countries, gets in line with the other
Nordic countries, whereas benefit generosity Sweden is significantly reduced.
Thus, despite differences in the type and scope of change all the Nordic
countries can still be said to belong to an ideal typical Social Democratic
family policy model, although to a different extent that at the onset
of the 1990s.
The method has a number of advantages in studies with a medium number of cases where the variable-oriented approach suffer from the Small N problem and an inability in such studies to distinguish between the case-oriented approach from too big a much as in many comparative studies, in particular studies that seek to explore diversity.
164. ---. "Measuring the Welfare State Concepts, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Studies." COMPASSS Working Paper 2006-40.
165. ---. "Welfare Reform in the Nordic Countries in the 1990s: Using Fuzzy-Set Theory to Assess Conformity to Ideal-Types." Journal of European Social Policy 9.3 (1999): 231-52.
166. LACEY, Rodney. "Creating Generalized Knowledge From Case Studies:
a New Methodological Approach." The Strategic Management Society
21st Annual International Conference: 2001.
Abstract: Most strategic research is either specific case studies (N <
6), or generalizable quantitative studies (N > 100), because researchers
lack methods for handling multiple case studies (N=10-50). This paper
demonstrates a new methodology, based on boolean analysis, that can handle
multiple case studies and simultaneously achieve tailored and generalizable
models of strategic practice. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin,
1987) allows for systematic, statistical analysis of causal relationships
when the number of cases would be too small for standard statistical tests,
but when the complexity of data is too great for traditional qualitative
approaches. This paper illustrates the effectiveness and utility of the
multiple case method and QCA by showing how independent variables affect
organizational innovation in 30 hypothetical but representative case studies.
167. LANCASTER, Thomas D., and Gabriella R. MONTINOLA. "Comparative Political Corruption: Issues of Operationalization and Measurement." ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on "Corruption, Scandal and the Contestation of Governance in Europe": ECPR, 2001.
168. LAROSE, Kristy D. "Factors Associated With National Olympic Success : an Exploratory Study.". Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 1996.
169. LAROSE, Kristy D., and Terry R. HAGGERTY. "Factors Associated
With Olympic Success : an Exploratory Study." European Association
for Sport Management Congress: 1996.
Abstract: Little conclusive research has been reported in the area of
national Olympic success and its contributing factors. Yet, sport organizations
worldwide continue to spend large amounts of money in the quest for excellence
in sport performance. Without a clear model of the influence of various
factors on sport success, it is difficult for sport policy makers to understand
the problem and to make rational allocations and long-range planning decisions
about their sport delivery system. There have been many studies about
this topic. Some of the variables identified by past research are noted
in Appendix 1 (...).
170. LEDERMANN, Simone. Wozu denn wissenschafltich? Untersuchung zur Verwendung von Evaluationen in der schweierischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Universität Bern: Lizentiatsarbeit, 2004.
171. LIKHTENCHTEIN, Anna. "Comparing New Phenomena: Heuristic Potential
of QCA. (Elite Driven Parties in Russia and Ukraine)." 2nd ECPR General
Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research
: Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative
Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: This paper explores Duma elections in Russia (1993-1999) and
Rada elections in the Ukraine (1994-2000). A methodological intrigue lies
in the fact Ukrainian ruling elites began to exploit the strategy of party
building later then in Russia, and in spite of the fact that at one point
countries' institutional variables became 'similar', the political role
of party principle remained 'different'. The paper points the question
- what are the factors, accounted for such a puzzle, and what kind of
expectations can be proposed about party system development in the countries.
To address this intriguing puzzle, this paper proposes a unique methodological
solution to the problems described. In particular, the paper stresses
the potential of comparative analysis for the investigation of new underdeveloped
phenomena that often arise when dealing with transforming democracies.
172. LILIENTHAL, S., and Terry R. HAGGERTY. "Factors Associated With Microcomputer Use in Professional Organizations: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Annual Conference of the North American Society for Sport Management: 1993.
173. MAHONEY, James. "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 131-76.
174. ---. "Strategies of Casual Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY, James MAHONEY, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 337-72.
175. MAHONEY, James, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. "Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 3-40.
176. ---, eds. Comparative Historical Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
177. MANUSCRIPT. "Casual Complexity and FS/QCA: Making Use of Remote and Proximate Casual Conditions.", forthcoming.
178. MELINDER, K. A., and R. ANDERSSON. "The Impact of Structural
Factors on the Injury Rate in Different European Countries ." European
Journal of Public Health 11.3 (2001): 301-08.
Abstract: Background. A previous study pointed to there being two kinds
of injuries - those with a mainly social genesis and those with a mainly
environmental genesis. The aim of this study was to analyse how socioeconomic
factors - such as level of economic development, alcohol consumption and
unemployment and more cultural factors - such as education and religion
- relate to kinds of injury.
Method. Motor vehicle traffic accidents were chosen to represent injuries
with a predominantly environmental genesis and suicides those with a mainly
social genesis. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) complemented by
Pearson correlation was employed. The data come from 12 European countries.
Results. Four groups of countries emerged from the analysis. Group 1 was
high on both kinds of injuries and was also high on all the independent
variables considered. Group 2 was low on social injuries and high on environmental
injuries; it had a low level of economic development, high alcohol consumption
and a high proportion of Roman Catholics. Group 3 was high on social injuries
and low on environmental injuries; it had a high level of economic development,
low alcohol consumption and few Roman Catholics. Group 4 was low on both
kinds of injuries; the independent variables formed a similar pattern
to those of group 3.
Conclusion. The pattern for traffic fatalities differs from that of suicides.
There is also patterning with regard to structural factors; economic level,
education and religion seem to be more important with regard to injury
rate differentials than alcohol consumption or unemployment.
Keywords: Europe, injury, social phenomenon, suicide, traffic accident
179. MELINDER, Karin. "QCA and Correlational Methods." 2nd
ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative
Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "The Potential
of Statistical Methods in “Small N” and “Medium N”
Situations": 2003.
Abstract: QCA is normally used in political science and with nominal data.
The aim of this paper is to present a way to combine QCA with quantitative
data and methods. A number of European countries are compared according
to their levels of fatal injuries and various structural factors. The
method employed involves a combination of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA) and Pearson correlation.
The QCA table presented shows a pattern where countries with a special
combination of variable values have many traffic accidents and few suicides,
whereas countries with the opposite pattern have few traffic accidents
and many suicides. But it is hard to tell which variables impact on which.
Correlation coefficients, however, reveal the importance of each specific
variable in relation both to each other and to the outcome.
Combining QCA with Pearson correlations compensates for one of the disadvantages
with QCA, namely the difficulty of ranking factors. Correlations, however,
in one way functions similar to QCA in that it gives the same patterning
of variables when not using partial correlations that control for other
variables.
180. MELINDER, Karin A., and Ragnar ANDERSSON. "Multivariate Analysis
in Qualitative Research." 3rd Nordic Health Promotion Research Conference:
2000.
Abstract: Background : Multivariate analysis has mostly been performed
using quantitative methods. In these, controlling for confounders and
inter-correlated variables is treated as important. The aim of this paper
is to discuss the role of confounders and inter-correlated variables when
utilizing qualitative rather than quantitative techniques.
Material and methods: A number of European countries are compared according
to their levels of fatal injuries and various structural factors. The
method employed involves a combination of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
(QCA) and Pearson correlation. QCA uses binary data, and has the advantage
of being capable of presenting a pattern on the basis of a variety of
variables. One disadvantage of OCA is that it is hard to rank factors
in accordance with their importance. The advantage of Pearson correlation
is that results can be presented in the form of a matrix displaying values
on many variables.
Results: The QCA table presented shows a pattern where countries with
a special combination of variable values - low GNP, high level of unemployment,
high alcohol consumption and many Catholics - have many traffic accidents
and few suicides, whereas countries with high GNP, a low unemployment
rate, low alcohol consumption and few Catholics do not. But it is hard
to tell which variables impact on which. Pearson correlation coefficients,
however, reveal the importance of each specific variable. When the table
provided by QCA is complemented with Pearson coefficients it is found
that - although both unemployment rate and alcohol consumption contribute
to the formation of the QCA pattern - their roles differ between rich,
non-Catholic countries and less-developed, Catholic countries.
Discussion: Confounding variables, which in quantitative analysis are
seen as problematic, can be regarded as an asset in qualitative analysis.
The latter kind of analysis enables a patterning of cases that is not
possible when relying solely on the former.
181. MISUMI, Kazuto. "A Boolean Model of Role Discrimination."
Journal of Mathematical Sociology 26.1-2 (2002): 111-21.
Abstract: This paper analyzes, based on Boolean approach by C.C.Ragin,
how the subjective internal structures of social roles condition the possibility
of role discrimination. I postulate, in an individualfs image, a role
consists of some role elements, which construct an internal hierarchical
structure (role image) depending on each elementfs contribution to the
role discrimination as a whole. Then the role discrimination is formulated
as a Boolean equation, taking the role elements as independent variables
and the role discrimination itself as a dependent variable. Suppose a
role X, and a performer who has image Xf and an observer who has image
Xh communicate ea ch other. In general, between such two given actors,
X can be discriminated by an observer under the condition that XfXh equals
to Xh, or at least th at XfXh and Xh share one or more Boolean products;
however, X is never di scriminated otherwise. At first, I take a simple
case of two elements and examine the possibility of role discrimination
for all possible combinations of images. After that, some general propositions
as to the possibility of role discrimination, that hold regardless of
the number of role elements, are derived.
182. ---. "Two Levels of Dyscommunication: an Analysis by Boolean
Role Model
." 4th Conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Association: Asia
Pacific Sociological Association, 2000.
Abstract: This paper analyzes, based on Boolean model of social role,
how the subjective internal structures of roles condition the dyscommunication
between actors. We postulate that a role consists of some role elements
in an individual¹s image. Suppose a role X, and also suppose a performer
who has image X¹ and an observer who has image X². In general,
X can be discriminated by an observer under the condition that X¹X²
equals to X², or at least that X¹X² and X² share one
or more Boolean sum of products. The first order dyscommunication occurs
when one or more role elements are not shared between subgroups of actors.
Taking a simple model of two elements, we examine the cases in which this
type of dyscommunication occurs. Even if each subgroup enrolls the different
elements in the definition of role X respectively, actors might be confronted
with the second order dyscommunication. Being a set of role elements commonly
shared among actors does not mean everyone have same type of image; so
that, the condition mentioned above may not be satisfied in some combinations
between types. We examine such cases based on the extended three elements¹
model. An implied situation of this study is intercultural communication,
as well as international marriage increasing in rural area of Japan.
183. MISUMI, Kazuto. "Two Levels of Dyscommunication: an Analysis
by Boolean Role Model
." Sociological Theory and Methods 16.2 (2001): 229-43.
184. MISUMI, Kazuto. "Yakuwari Riron Moderu [A Model of Role Theory]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001.
185. MITAR, Miran. "Bailey's Social Entropy Theory As an Explicit
Theoretical Approach for an Empirical Assessment of Security of Contemporary
Societies." [Article Submitted for Publication] (2007).
Abstract: The aim of the article, based on my doctoral thesis (Mitar,
2005), is to present my slight modification of Bailey’s SET as an
explicit theoretical approach for an empirical assessment of security
of contemporary societies. I formed a model D = f(PLOTIS), in which component
D was defined (various deviant or unwanted phenomena in present article
measured by the number of deaths in violent conflicts), which was conditioned
by macro-societal factors (Population, Level-of-living, Organisation,
Technology, Information, Space), denoted by acronym PLOTIS. The model
is tested by cross-sectional design, nineteen (non-random) chosen former
European socialist countries are compared, available secondary data at
the end of a period of transition (1989 -2002) are used. The model is
tested by different methods of analysis: descriptive statistics, qualitative
comparative analysis (QCA) and descriptive discriminant analysis (DDA).
The comparison of results acquired by different methods confirmed usefulness
of the modified SET as starting point for formation and testing of hypotheses
about the influence of macro-societal characteristics (measured by PLOTIS)
on unwanted phenomena. Last but not least, some proposals for further
research are presented.
186. MITAR, Miran. "Social Entropy Theory As an Explicit Approach
to Assessment of Crime and Correlates of Crime in Europe at Macro Societal
Level." [Article Submitted for Publication] (2007).
Abstract: The main purpose of this article is to explore the possibilities
of Bailey's Social Entropy Theory (SET) for systematic description and
explanation of crime and correlates of crime, supported by qualitative
comparative analysis and discriminant analysis. The article contains both
theoretical and empirical sections. In the theoretical section Bailey's
social entropy theory and its modification are presented, in the empirical
section, secondary data (homicide rates, crime rates and chosen data about
contemporary European societies) are analysed. The data are analysed by
QCA and discriminant analysis.The results are then discussed. SET can
be used for description and explanation of crime and correlates of crimes,
but some predictions are not supported by empirical data. At the moment,
the acquired results do not refute Bailey’s theory, and a lot of
further theoretical and empirical research work is needed to explore and
explain conditions, which influence conflict and consensus in contemporary
societies. Multiple regression analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative
analysis can be used for achievement of broader and deeper theoretical
and case-based knowledge about crime and correlates of crime in Europe.
187. MONTPETIT, Eric, Frédéric VARONE, and Christine ROTHMAYR. "Regulating ART and GMOs in Europe and North America: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis." The Politics of Biotechnology in North America and Europe. eds Eric MONTPETIT, Frédéric VARONE, and Christine ROTHMAYR. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007.
188. MORALES DIEZ DE ULZURRUN, Laura. "Membership in Political Groups in Western Countries.", 1998.
189. MOURY, Catherine. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-12: Use of
Fuzzy Set in an Explanatory Research: a Study on the Characteristics of
Coalition Agreement.", 2003. 17 pp.
Abstract: This research aims to understand why the complete and precise
character of the coalition agreement varies. I assume that the fuzzy set
is the appropriate method in such an explanatory phase of the research,
because it allows the “necessary dialogue between ideas and evidence”.
The results suggest to consider the redaction of the agreement as a two
level game, between the parties and between the government and the parties
which support it.
190. ---. "Les Ensembles Flous pour y voir plus clair: décoder les caractéristiques des accords de coalition en Europe Occidentale." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 101-15.
191. ---. "Impact of Coalition Agreement in 8 Cabinets: Using Fuzzy-Set
to Explain Its Variation." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological
Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications",
Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications": 2003.
Abstract: This research aims to understand why the complete and precise
character of the coalition agreement varies. I assume that the fuzzy set
is the appropriate method in such an explanatory phase of the research,
because it allows the "necessary dialogue between ideas and evidence".
The results suggest to consider the redaction of the agreement as a two
level game, between the parties and between the government and the parties
which support it.
192. MUNOZ, Lucio. "Beyond Traditional Sustainable Development: Sustainability Theory and Sustainability Indeces Under Ideal Present-Absent Qualitative Comparative Conditions.", 2004.
193. MUNOZ, Lucio. "Developing a Rapid Deforestation Assessment and Planning Methodology for Central America Based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis.". (unpublished dissertation), 2004.
194. NAVARRO YANEZ, Clemente J. "Participatory Democracy and Political
Opportunism: Municipal Experience in Italy and Spain (1960-93)."
International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 28.4 (2004): 819-38.
Abstract: The relationship between local scale and participatory democracy
is one of the main issues of normative theory of democracy. This article
tries to show that the development of this model of democracy also depends
on institutional factors. In his political opportunism hypothesis the
author proposes that local governments have to develop adaptive strategies
to make electoral victory compatible with offers of opportunities of participation:
on the one hand, because the parties have to make government or opposition
action compatible between local and central political levels; on the other,
because the supply of participation presupposes the redistribution of
power among local interest groups and the possibility of imposing limits
over local government actions. To test this hypothesis, the author analyses
data on citizen participation among Italian and Spanish local governments
by qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). In conclusion, the author argues
that political opportunism c ould limit local democratization and new
urban governance initiatives.
195. NELSON, Kenneth. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-21: The Last
Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested Minimum Income
Protection in Welfare Democracies.", 2004. 44 pp.
Abstract: This study evaluates institutional linkages between different
types of social security programs in eighteen welfare states in the early
1990s. The purpose is to analyze the determinants of cross-national variations
in the level of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional
relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income
protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative
Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. From an economic point of view it is
hypothesized that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of
minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs
for means-tested benefits. From a political perspective, the hypothesis
is that this impact derives from the degree to which social policies promote
cross-class interests in support for the welfare state. Finally, from
a strictly institutional perspective, the hypothesis is that social insurance
set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which
determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection.
The empirical analyses show that not all aspects of social insurance are
of equal importance in explaining cross-national variations in the level
of minimum income protection. The most important aspect seems to be the
degree to which social insurance provides income security, which supports
the middle-class inclusion hypothesis on institutional dependencies between
different tiers of the social security system.
196. ---. "The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested
Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies." 2nd ECPR General
Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research
: Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the
Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy
Sets and Other Techniques : Applications": 2003.
Abstract: This paper evaluates institutional linkages between different
types of social security programs. The purpose is to explain cross-national
variation in the generosity of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses
of an institutional relationship between social insurance and the generosity
of minimum income protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative
Comparative Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. The analysis includes 18
countries in the early 1990s. From an economic point of view it is assumed
that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of minimum income
protection is mediated through its effects on the costs for means-tested
benefits, whereas the impact from a middle class perspective originates
from the degree to which social policies promote cross-class interests
in defence for the welfare state. Finally, from a strictly institutional
perspective it is assumed that social insurance set certain upper limits
to the level of means-tested benefits, which determine the possibilities
of raising the value of minimum income protection. The empirical analyses
give strongest support to the middle class inclusion thesis, which indicates
that the degree of income security in social insurance is of importance
for cross-national differences in the generosity of minimum income protection
197. ---. "The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested
Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies.", 2004. 92-134.
Abstract: This study evaluates institutional linkages between different
types of social security programs in eighteen welfare states in the early
1990s. The purpose is to analyze the determinants of cross-national variations
in the level of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional
relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income
protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative
Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. From an economic point of view it is
hypothesized that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of
minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs
for means-tested benefits. From a political perspective, the hypothesis
is that this impact derives from the degree to which social policies promote
cross-class interests in support for the welfare state. Finally, from
a strictly institutional perspective, the hypothesis is that social insurance
set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which
determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection.
The empirical analyses show that not all aspects of social insurance are
of equal importance in explaining cross-national variations in the level
of minimum income protection. The most important aspect seems to be the
degree to which social insurance provides income security, which supports
the middle-class inclusion hypothesis on institutional dependencies between
different tiers of the social security system.
198. OLSEN, Wendy. "Intermediate Level Qualitative Comparative Analysis Including Fuzzy Sets.", 2004. 31 pp.
199. OSA, Maryjane, and Cristina CORDUNEANU-HUCI. "Running Uphill:
Socio-Political Mobilization in Authoritarian States." Annual Meeting
of the American Political Science Association, Panel 45-12: Subnational
Dynamics and Democratization: 2001.
Abstract: This study analyzes twenty-four cases representing a range of
non-democratic states to determine conditions of political opportunity
in high-risk authoritarian contexts. Research to date has concentrated
on comparing two or three cases; this study uses Ragin's (1987) Boolean
method of qualitative comparison (QCA 3.0) on a larger-N to identify specific
configurations of conditions that constitute political opportunity in
non-democracies.
We find that each of the variables suggested by scholars - divided elite,
changes to repression, media access, social networks, and influential
allies - contributed to political opportunities in non-democracies. But
political opportunity does not require all the conditions in order for
social mobilization to take place. Our analysis identifies four "prime
implicants", or configurations that create an opening for mobilization
under authoritarian conditions. The key factors, identified by QCA in
the most parsimonious model, are media access and social networks. These
two factors together are sufficient conditions for producing mobilization
in non-democratic states.
200. OTTITSCH, Andreas, and Gerhard WEISS. "Comparative Analysis of Mountain Forest Policies in Europe. An Application of Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Analysis Approach." Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development. A State-of-Knowlegde Report for 2000. eds M. PRICE and N. BUTT. Oxon: CABI, 2000. 415-21.
201. ---. "Mountain Forest Policies in European Countries - a Comparison Using Ragin’s Qualitative Comparative Analysis Method." Mountain Forestry in Europe – Evaluation of Silvicultural and Policy Means. eds P. GLÜCK and M. WEBER. Vol. Vol. 35. Wien: Institute for Forest Sector Policy and Economics, 1998. 263-84.
202. PALO, Matti, et al. "The Use of Wood Resources and Environmental
Protection in Finland and Other Countries [Metla Research Project Nr 3132
- Any Publications?].", 19??
Abstract: Research project 1994-97. The purpose of the research project
is to compare the impact of conflicting forest-related values and interests
("forestry conflicts") on the transformation of forest policies
and on the use of forest resources in six Western countries (Finland,
Sweden, Norway, Germany, France and USA) during 1984-1995. The project
will produce updated information on a previous study of forestry conflicts
in the same six countries (Hellström, E. & Reunala, A. 1995).
The material for the research is based on a total of about180 interviews
of specialists and representatives of relevant interest groups within
the case study countries. The material will be analyzed using Charles
Ragin's method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), to which a hermeneutic
approach will be developed within this project.
203. PEILLON, Michel. "A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Welfare Legitimacy." Journal of European Social Policy 6.3 (1996): 175-90.
204. PENNINGS, Paul. "The Diversity of Welfare State Reforms Explored
With Fuzzy Sets." ECPR Joint Sessions: 2002.
Abstract: This paper demonstrates