COMParative methods for the Advancement of Systematic cross-case analysis and Small-n Studies

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(Alphabetical order)

1. 2001 ??), Children's Agency and Identity (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract: Ethnic minority and low income youth are underrepresented in the academic pipeline to college, although these youth and their families value and actively pursue opportunities for higher education. One paper examines students' strategies for attaining their educational and career goals, including accessing personal, relational, and institutional resources. Outreach programs in and outside schools build on strengths of students who show initiative. In this study, application essays of 200 Mexican descent students (average age, 12 years), all chosen for a community college outreach program, were coded for their individual, relational, and institutional strategies and career identities. Qualitative Comparative Analysis was used to link individual cases with variable-based analyses. In their essays, most students expressed college-based career goals and identities. Girls and recent immigrants named fewer resources for obtaining their goals and relied more on individual and relational thank institutional resources than did boys and second generation youth. This work addresses how research, policy, and program practices fostering diversity in higher education can build on the strategies and strengths of immigrant youth.
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2. AMENTA, Edwin (1991), "Making the Most of a Case Study : Theories of the Welfare State and the American Experience", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 172-194.

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3. AMENTA, Edwin (2003), "What We Know About the Development of Social Policy: Comparative and Historical Research in Comparative and Historical Perspective", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 91-130.

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4. AMENTA, Edwin, CARRUTHERS, Bruce G., and ZYLAN, Yvonne (1992), "A Hero for the Aged? The Townsend Movement, the Political Mediation Model, and U.S. Old-Age Policy", American Journal of Sociology, 98, 2, 308-339.

Abstract: During the Depression, the Townsend movement enjoyed varied success in seeking pensions for the aged. Social-movement models predict that success depends on the mobilization of resources or on collective action. Other theories predict that economic or political conditions cause the emergence of movements and changes in public spending. The political mediation model used here holds that, to succeed, a movement must reinforce political action with strong organization of members under favorable political conditions. This article defines "success" and employs various analytical and empirical strategies, including qualitative comparative analysis on state-level data, to appraise the models. Although each perspective has some support, the political mediation model offers the best explanation of the patterns of successes. The state and the political party system determine whether mobilization and action benefit a constituency and win acceptance for a movement organization.
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5. AMENTA, Edwin and POULSEN, Jane Duss (1996), "Social Politics in Context : the Institutional Politics Theory and Social Spending at the End of the New Deal", Social Forces, 75, 1, 33-60.

Abstract: In this article, we develop an institutional politics theory of public social provision and examine U.S. social spending programs at the end of the New Deal. This theory integrates key insights of institutional and political theories of social policy. Drawing on institutional arguments, our theory holds that the willingness or ability of pro-spending actors to promote social spending initiatives depends on institutional conditions, especially the extent of voting rights and the nature of political party systems. Furthermore, drawing on political arguments, the theory posits the importance of pro-spending actors, including progressive factions of political parties and organized challengers. To appraise the institutional politics theory, we analyze state-level outcomes for Old-Age Assistance pensions and Works Progress Administration wages, employing multiple regression and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). All analyses support the institutional politics theory.
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6. ---------- (1994), "Where to Begin : a Survey of Five Approaches to Selecting Independent Variables for Qualitative Comparative Analysis", Sociological Methods and Research, 23, 1, 22-53.

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7. AMOROSO, Lisa M. and RAGIN, Charles C. (1999), "Individual and Institutional Employment Patterns", Quaterly Journal of Economic Research, 1,

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8. ARJA, Tyrkkö (2.2002), "The Intersection Between Working Life and Parenthood. A Boolean Approach", Economic and Industrial Democracy. An International Journal, 23, 1,

Abstract: This article aims at investigating the research concerning the interplay between working life and parenthood in an effort to sort out what is interesting to discuss and study further. The relationship between working life and parenthood is discussed focusing on the working life. Parenthood puts into focus the extent to which there is room for adjusting to demands from other life spheres when engaged in paid work. The investigation shows the importance of taking into account the gendered structures and practices in working life when trying to explain individual adjustment strategies. Approaches which are built upon a holistic research design, have proven to be valuable strategies in analyses of such complex phenomena as the adjustment between working life and family life.
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9. BADGETT, M. V. Lee (9.2.2004/9.5.2004), "Variations on an Equitable Theme: Explaining International Same-Sex Partner Recognition Laws", paper presented at : APSA 2004 Annual Meeting, Chicago,

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10. BATES, Diane C. (1997), Tourism and Development in the Caribbean: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis,Rutgers University (unpublished). ((M.A. Thesis, sociology, unpublished))

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11. Baygert, Nicolas, "L'AQQC des partis "anti-système" à travers deux époques: Eternel retour ou parallélisme erroné?" (2004): 24 pp. 2004.

12. BEFANI, Barbara (2004), "La Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) e la valutazione basata sulla teoria: un connubio possibile", Rassegna Italiana Di Valutazione, 2,

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13. BEFANI, Barbara and SAGER, Fritz (9.25.2004/9.28.2004), "Realistic Evaluation and QCA. Theoritical Linkages and An Empirical Application", paper presented at : ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation", Erfurt,

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13. BEFANI, Barbara and SAGER, Fritz (2006), "QCA as a Toll for Realistic evaluations. The Case of the Swiss Environmental Impact Assessment", In: RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (Eds.), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. New York: Springer, pp. 263-284.

14. Bell, Jim and Sharon Loane, "Entrepreneurship Research in Europe:Innovative Methods in the Exploration of Internationalisation Issues." (2003): 17 pp. 2003.

15. BENNETT, Marguerite M. (5.21.2000/5.24.2000), "Will They Stay or Will They Go? Exploring Student Retention: Demonstrating Logistic Regression and Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : 40th Annual Association for Institutional Research (AIR) Forum, Cincinnati,

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16. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (2002), COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-2: Macro-Quantitative Vs. Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical Theories of Democracy (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract: There are some new attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences. My paper explicitely illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the specific strengths and weakenesses of the respective methods and theories are demonstrated.
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17. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (1998), "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe - A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39, 4, 335-377.

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18. ---------- (2002), "Macro-Quantitative Vs Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical Theories of Democracy", paper presented at : Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle" Atelier 2:outils méthodologiques, Bordeaux, France,

Abstract: There are some few attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences. This paper explicitely illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the specific strenghts and weaknesses of the respective methods and theories are demonstrated.
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19. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (2002), Macro-Quantitative Vs. Macro-Qualitative Methods in the Social Sciences - Testing Empirical Theories of Democracy (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract: There are some new attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences. My paper explicitely illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented methods like QCA, Fuzzy Sets and similar ones, on the other. This is done by using examples and data for different empirical theories of democracy such as those by Lipset, Vanhanen, or Moore/Stephens. In this way, the specific strengths and weakenesses of the respective methods and theories are demonstrated.
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19. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and CRONQVIST, Lasse (2005), "Macro-quantitative vs. macro-qualitative methods in the social science - an example from empirical democratic theory employing new software", Historical Social Research 4(30):154-175.

20. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and DE MEUR, Gisèle (1992), "Conditions of Democracy in Inter-War Europe. A Boolean Test of Major Hypotheses", Discussion Paper. Centre d'Economie Mathématique et d'Econométrie. Université Libre de Bruxelles,

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21. ---------- (1994), "Conditions of Democracy in Interwar Europe : a Boolean Test of Major Hypotheses", Comparative Politics, 26, 3, 253-279.

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22. ---------- (2000), "Reduction of Complexity", in BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and DE MEUR, Gisèle (eds), Crisis, Compromise, Collapse. Vol. 2 : Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-1939, London, MacMillan,

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23. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and DE MEUR, Gisèle (1997), "Reduction of Complexity for a Small-n Analysis: a Stepwise Multi-Methodological Approach", Comparative Social Research, 16, 133-162.

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24. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and MITCHELL, Jeremy (eds.) (2003), Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-39. Comparative Analyses., Hampshire, UK, Palgrave Macmillan Limited.

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25. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk and QUENTER, Sven (1996), "Macro-Quantitative Versus Macro-Qualitative Methods in Political Science. Advantages and Disadvantages of Comparative Procedures Using the Welfare-State Theory As an Example", Historical Social Research, 21, 1, 3-25.

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26. BERNARD, H. Russell and RYAN, Gery (1998), "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Text Analysis", in BERNARD, H. Russell (ed.), Hand-Book of Method in Cultural Anthropology, Walnut Creek, CA, Alta Mira Books, p. ?? (online at : http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/txtana.html)

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27. ---------- (1998), "Text Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods", in BERNARD, H. Russel (ed), Handbook of Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology, ??, Sage, pp. 595-641. (online at : http://www.analytictech.com/mb870/bernard_ryan_text_analysis.pdf)

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28. BIGGERT, R. (1997), "Why Labor Wins, Why Labor Loses: a Test of Two Theories", The Sociological Quarterly, 38, 1, 205-224.

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29. BLAKE, Charles H. and ADOLINO, Jessica R. (2001), "The Enactment of National Health Insurance: a Boolean Analysis of Twenty Advanced Industrial Countries", Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26, 4, 679-708.

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30. BOSWELL, Terry and BROWN, Cliff (1999), "The Scope of General Theory. Methods for Linking Deductive and Inductive Comparative History", Sociological Methods and Research, 28, 2, 154-185.

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31. BOYER, Robert (2001), "The Diversity of Labor Market Institutions Governing the "New Economy" Against Technological Determinism", paper presented at : Session “Labour Market and Human Resources”, SASE 2001 Meeting “Knowledge: the New Wealth of Nations?”, Amsterdam,

Abstract: The paper combines an historical analysis of the American economy with a comparison of twenty OECD countries in order to assess the origin of the emerging growth regime and the basic institutions at the core of good macroeconomic performances during the 90’s. Whereas the American case may hint that product and labour market deregulation, venture capital and NASDAQ are necessary for the success of a technological led growth, the international comparison suggests the coexistence of at least three successful configurations. Deregulated economies explore a science pushed innovation, along with external labour flexibility, significant inequality in terms of competences. But social democratic countries develop a cooperative approach to the knowledge based economy: rather homogenous educational level, life long learning, negotiation by social partners of the consequence of innovation, collectively organized labour mobility. There is a third configuration for some catching-up economies that use information technology as a method for leapfrogging: labour markets remain largely institutionalised and regulated, without exerting adverse impact upon macroeconomic performance. By contrast, medium sized economies such as Germany, Italy and France are experiencing much more difficulties in reforming their labour market institutions to cope with the challenge of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT). This might be one of the reasons why, in these countries, many policy makers do think that they should emulate the typical market led capitalism institutions. The conclusion of the paper is that they should instead look for the achievements of European social democratic countries. This is specially attractive given the current state of European integration.
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31. BOYER, Robert (2005), "Coherence, Diversity and Evolution of Capitalism. The Institutional Complementarity Hypothesis".

31. BRADSHAW, York W., KAISER, Paul J., and NDEGWA, Stephen N (1995), "Rethinking theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of african development", African Studies Review, 38(2):39-65.

32. BRITT, David. W. (1998), "Beyond Elaborating the Obvious: Context-Dependent Parent-Involvement Scenarios in a Preschool Program", Applied Behavioral Science Review, 6, 179-197.

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33. ---------- (4.2.1998/4.5.1998), "Analyzing Context-Dependent Policy With Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Midwest Sociological Society Meeting, Panel on "Multi-Method Approaches to Policy Analysis", Kansas City,

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33. ---------- (1998), "Beyond Elaborating the obvious: context-dependent parental-involvement scenarios in a preschool program", Applied Behavioral Science Review, 6(2):179-198.

34. BRITT, David W., RISINGER, S. T., MANS, M., KRIVCHENIA, E., and EVANS, M. I. (2000), "Determinants of Parental Decisions After the Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome: Bringing the Context", American Journal of Medical Genetics, 93, 410-416.

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35. BROWN, Cliff and BOSWELL, Terry (1995), "Strikebreaking or Solidarity in the Great Steel Strike of 1919: A Split Labor Market, Game-Theoretic, and QCA Analysis", American Journal of Sociology, 100, 6, 1479-1519.

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36. BRUEGGEMANN, John and BOSWELL, Terry (1998), "Realizing Solidarity: Sources of Interracial Unionism During the Great Depression", Work and Occupations, 25, 4, 436-482.

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37. BURNHAM, Jonathan S. (2005), The 27 Amendments of the Constitution of the USA: Quali-Quantitative Explanations of a Rare Phenomenon (unpublished manuscript).

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38. BURSENS, Peter (1999), "Bijlage 5: Uitwerking van de QCA analyse", in BURSENS, Peter, Impact van instituties op beleidsvorming. Een institutionneel perspectief op besluitvorming in de communautaire pijler van de Europese Unie [PhD dissertation, unpublished], Antwerpen, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, pp. 409-419.

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39. BURSENS, Peter (1999), Impact van instituties op beleidsvorming. Een institutionneel perspectief op besluitvorming in de communautaire pijler van de Europese Unie, Antwerpen, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (unpublished). (PhD dissertation, unpublished)

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39. CAMBRE, Bart (Nov. 2005), "The potential of QCA for a contextual approach with cross-cultural data. The relationship between ethnocentrism and religiosity", COMPASSS Intimate Seminar, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

40. CHAN, Steve (2003), "Explaining War Termination: A Boolean Analysis of Causes", Journal of Peace Research, 40, 1, 49-66.

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41. CHOMPALOV, Ivan Michailov (1998), Multi-Institutional Collaborations in Science: Structure, Types, and Outcomes,Louisiana State University (unpublished). (PhD dissertation (unpublished))

Abstract: The advent of modern 'big science' brings about a new kind of research formation: multi-institutional collaborations involving teams of researchers from several organizations. Despite their recent proliferation and visibility, no general classification of these 'virtual organizations' exists. This study adopts a macrosociological, comparative perspective to develop a variety of classification schemes that capture the systematic variation of interorganizational collaborations in science along basic structural dimensions and to examine the relationships of these classifications with important sociological outcomes. Qualitative, historical analysis of collaborations in high-energy physics, space science, and geophysics showed that, when we set aside field-specific differences, seven general dimensions emerge as fundamental in describing the structural variety of collaborations in science: project formation, magnitude, organization and management, interdependence, participation, communication, and technological practice. Cluster analysis was then employed using interview data from 23 recent collaborations in five new areas of physics and allied sciences to build classification schemes along these structural dimensions. Next, analysis of variance models and qualitative comparative analysis were used to explore how the classifications relate to valued sociological outcomes such as success, trust, conflict, stress, and documentary routines. The empirical results strongly supported the central argument that a typology based on a broad conception of technological practice is superior to others in its ability to predict the patterned consequences of multi-institutional collaborations in science. In fact, it is the only clustering that is capable of explaining perceived success, trust, and stress. The major findings of the dissertation research suggest that it is necessary to move away from the narrow focus on the laboratory and the disciplinary organization of R&D in order to capture the structure.
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42. CLEMENT, Caty (2005), "The nuts and bolds of state collapse: common causes and different patterns?" COMPASSS Working Paper, WP2005-32.

43. ---------- (2004), "Un modèle commun d'effondrement de l'Etat? Une AQQC du Liban, de la Somalie et de l'ex-Yougoslavie", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 35-50.

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44. --------- (2001), "A QCA Analysis of State Collapse", paper presented at : Comparative Social Science Summer School, Oslo University 2001, Course "Comparative Methodology", Oslo, Norway.

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45. CLÉMENT, Caty (2001), A QCA Analysis of State Collapse (unpublished manuscript).

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46. CLIFFORD, Elizabeth and GRAN, Brian (2000), "Immigrant Flows: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Economic, Demographic and Political Influences", paper presented at : American Sociological Association (ASA) Meeting, Panel on "Comparative Studies of International Migration in the World System", ??,

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47. COOPER, Barry (2005), "Applying Ragin's crisp and fuzzy set QCA to large datasets: social class and educational achievement in the National Child Development Study", ECPR General Conference, Budpaest, Hungary.

48. COOPER, Catherine (1999), Continuity and Change in Mexican Immigrant Parents' Beliefs About Educación and the Path of Life (unpublished manuscript). (Research project (ongoing); abstract at : http://lmri.ucsb.edu/RESDISS/Newsletters.restored/pdf_files/Vol8No3.pdf)

Abstract: Strengthening family-school partnerships remains an unmet priority of school-based initiatives and academic outreach programs, which address school retention and college attendance among Mexican descent students. Thus far, these partnerships have been hampered by inaccurate or incomplete information about Mexican immigrant parents. The proposed study addresses three research questions: 1) What are the beliefs, goals, and guidance strategies of Mexican immigrant parents about education as their children move into adolescence? 2) How do parents' beliefs, goals and guidance strategies for their two children differ and change over this transition? 3) How do children's academic performance and experiences in and outside school during this transition play a role in changing parents' beliefs, goals, and guidance? In the proposed 2-year longitudinal study, 30 Mexican immigrant parents with at least two children, one in the last year of elementary school and one in junior or senior high, will be interviewed as their younger child is completing elementary school and again after completing the first year of junior high. This longitudinal design spans the years when many Latino students begin to experience academic difficulties. Data analyses that link quantitative and qualitative approaches will be conducted, including longitudinal case studies, prediction analysis, and Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Findings will contribute to research, policy, and practice designed to enhance the inclusiveness of family-school partnerships during the challenging years from childhood to adolescence.
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49. COOPER, Catherine R., BROWN, Jane, AZMITIA, Margarita, and CHAVIRA, Gabriela (2002), "Including Latino Immigrant Families, Schools, and Community Programs as Research Partners on the Good Path of Life", UC LMRI Final Report. FebImri.ucsb.edu/resact/2/pdf_files/cooper_final.pdf.

50. COVERDILL, James E. and FINLAY, William (1995), "Understanding Mills Via Mill-Type Methods : an Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis to a Study of Labor Management in Southern Textile Manufacturing", Qualitative Sociology, 18, 4, 457-478.

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51. COVERDILL, James E., FINLAY, William, and MARTIN, Jack K. (1994), "Labor Management in the Southern Textile Industry : Comparing Qualitative, Quantitative, and Qualitative Comparative Analyses", Sociological Methods and Research, 23, 1, 54-85.

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51. CRESS, D. and SNOW, D (2000), "The outcome of homeless mobilization: the influence of organization, disruption, political mediation, and framing", American Journal of Sociology, 105(4):1063-1104.

52. CRONQVIST, Lasse and BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk (2006), "Determining the Conditions of HIV/AIDS Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Employing New tools of Macro-Qualitative Analysis", In: RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (Eds.), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis, New York: Springer, pp. 145-166.

52. ------- (9.25.2004/9.28.2004), "An Advanced Policy-Oriented Application With QCA and MVQCA: Determining Conditions of Occurrence of HIV Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa", paper presented at : ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation", Erfurt, Germany,

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53. Curchod, Corentin, "COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-3: La méthode comparative en sciences de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité managériale." (2002): 26 pp. 2002.
=Cet article présente une méthode de recherche quasi-expérimentale: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative. Cette méthode permet de rendre compte de la complexité des phénomènes de gestion, comme les études de cas qualitatives, tout en offrant une technique de traitement de données fondée sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes statistiques, la généralisation des résultats au-delà des cas observés. Elle pousse à réconcilier les deux types d'approches dominantes en sciences de gestion, qualitatives et quantitatives, trop souvent en rupture, et encourage le chercheur à maintenir un dialogue constant entre les cas réels compris en profondeur et les idées issues de théories existantes. Nous discutons des opportunités nombreuses qu'offre la méthode comparative en science de gestion pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes de management, sans pour autant la placer au-dessus des autres méthodes ni la considérer comme révolutionnaire.

54. ---------- (9.17.2004), "Exploring the Concept of Strategy of Intermediation Through a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Cases", paper presented at : International Colloquium "Analyzing Strategic Change in Organizations: Innovative Methods for Management", Brussels, Belgium,

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55. ---------- (6.2003), "La méthode comparative en sciences de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité managériale", Finance Contrôle Stratégie, 6, 2, 155-177.

Abstract: =Cet article présente une méthode de recherche comparative dépassant le classique clivage entre méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative. Cette méthode vise à rendre compte de la complexité des phénomènes, par des études de cas qualitatives, tout en offrant une technique de traitement des données fondée sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes quantitatives, la généralisation des résultats au-delà des cas observés. Cette méthode de recherche est bien adaptée aux petites populations - c'est-à-dire à un nombre de cas entre 4 et 50 - ce qui est fréquent en sciences de gestion.
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56. ---------- (2002), La méthode comparative en sciences de gestion: vers une approche quasi-expérimentale de la réalité managériale,

Abstract: =Cet article présente une méthode de recherche quasi-expérimentale: la méthode comparative quali-quantitative. Cette méthode permet de rendre compte de la complexité des phénomènes de gestion, comme les études de cas qualitatives, tout en offrant une technique de traitement de données fondée sur l'algèbre booléenne, qui rend possible, comme les méthodes statistiques, la généralisation des résultats au-delà des cas observés. Elle pousse à réconcilier les deux types d'approches dominantes en sciences de gestion, qualitatives et quantitatives, trop souvent en rupture, et encourage le chercheur à maintenir un dialogue constant entre les cas réels compris en profondeur et les idées issues de théories existantes. Nous discutons des opportunités nombreuses qu'offre la méthode comparative en science de gestion pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes de management, sans pour autant la placer au-dessus des autres méthodes ni la considérer comme révolutionnaire.
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57. CURCHOD, Corentin, DUMEZ, Hervé, and JEUNEMAÎTRE, Alain (2004), "Une étude de l'organisation du transport aérien en Europe: les vertus de l'AQQC pour l'exploration de la complexité", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 85-100.

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58. CURCHOD, Corentin and JEUNEMAÎTRE, Alain (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Governance and Performance of Air Traffic Services Providers in Europe: What Lessons to Be Drawn From Benchmarking Techniques and Comparative Analysis?", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications", Marburg, Germany,

Abstract: European utilities have for long been vertically integrated and controlled by administrations and state owned companies. However, the introduction of liberalisation and separation between service provision and regulation, coupled with change of status of providers, has introduced a new rationale in the governance of utilities industry.
In that respect, the case of Air Traffic services is particularly illustrative. Many of the national providers have been separated from the administration and corporatised. Thus in Air Traffic Services, the governance of provision now ranges from pure state owned administration to independently regulated privatisation.
Making use of the data base (20 European service providers, 100 variables) different techniques can be applied (regression analysis, qualitative techniques, etc) to highlight the existing relationships between governance and performance and the weight of external factors.
The paper will aim at reviewing and making use of them (in particular Correlation vs. Charles Ragin Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA vs. Fuzzy sets, and fuzzy sets vs. TOSMANA method) illustrating how, from a unique set of data, different outcomes can be generated with regard to the existing relationships between performance and governance in the field of Air Traffic Services.
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59. DE GRAAF, Theo K. (2001), From Hermeneutics to Empiricism: Extracting Testable Research Hypotheses From the Study of Individual Cases (unpublished manuscript). (Unpublished paper)

Abstract: There is increasing awareness of the lack of both comprehensiveness and specificity of current psychiatric classification systems. Apparently, the old Kraepelinian ideal of nosological entities characterised by the same cause and the same optimal treatment, does not hold. Co-morbidity constitutes a major obstacle for research as well as for evidence-based treatment programs. The author proposes a “bottom-up” approach with the help of multiple N=1 studies of individual cases sharing the same behavioural, cognitive, and/or affective symptoms, in the vein of Ragin’s method of qualitative comparison. In this way, possible psychodynamic, psychotoxic, and genetic influences leading to psychopathology can be mapped and built into hypotheses for subsequent quantitative research. With the help of in-depth observations on a limited number of juvenile delinquents, it can be shown that such a heuristic procedure may result in the establishment of a causal-developmental profile. In comparison with conventional diagnosis, such a causal-developmental profile matches more closely the life experiences and inner world of the patient and will therefore lead to more adequate treatment strategies.
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60. DE GRAAF, Theo K. (2002), From Hermeneutics to Empiricism: Transformation of Psychodynamic Reasoning and Concepts into Testable Research Hypothesis, Tilburg, Universiteit van Tilburg (KUB) (unpublished). (Chapter IV of unpublished PhD Thesis "Trauma and Psychiatry. The role of individual and transgenerational traumatisation in the causation of psychobiological illness")

Abstract: The starting point for this methodological study is the assumption that one and the same psychiatric or psychosomatic (in brief: 'psychobiological') disease, such as e.g. a depressive illness, may be brought about by more than one 'causal chain' operating as a sufficient condition. In some of these 'causal chains' psychotraumatic experiences - including transgenerationally induced psychotoxic influences in the family of origin - may play the role of a necessary condition, in addition to other necessary conditions such as e.g. hereditary factors or physical birth trauma. Emotions which ultimately give rise to psychobiological disorder may stem from undigested traumatic experiences and conflicts in the individual's past, including early childhood. The latter sensitize the individual to events in adu lt life which in that person's perception exhibit a certain resemblance or congruity with the original traumatic experience. Accordingly, the intrapsychic representation of this early, undigested traumatic experience is called Personal Sensitization Factor (PSF), and the precipitating, or 'trigger', event is called the Congruent Life Event (CLE).
After having elaborated on the methodological problems connected with the operationalization of these psychodynamic concepts and constructs, and with qualitative multivariate research on anecdotal material in the form of 'plural N=1 observations' for that matter, the author dwells upon the principles of causality in individual biological systems. This leads to a discussion of the concept of 'causal chain', and of the difference between the principles of 'multiconditionality' and 'multicausality' in pathogenesis.
With the help of a clinical example of a multivariate study of ten (hypothetical) tuberculosis patients, the reader is then introduced to Ragin's method of 'qualitative comparison' and to the methodology of 'multiple N=1 studies'. The ensuing 'truth-tables', entirely basd upon binary data, can be analyzed with the help of Boolean logic. This analysis yields clusters of causative factors which, in turn, can be used as starting points for setting up hypotheses and designs for multivariate case-control, or even epidemiological studies. What is proposed here is, in fact, a qualitative paper-and-pencil cluster analysis for small samples and for data which are entirely binary.
The foregoing both statistical and psychodynamic principles are applied to an (imaginary) sample of sixteen bus drivers, some of whom had developed an incapacitating depressive illness following an accident in which at least one person had been killed. The PSF, figuring as a so-called 'latent variable', was operationalized - at least partly - with the help of two measurable 'indicator' variables, namely 'early loss of a parent or of a close friend' and 'parent lost a child'. In 13 of the 16 cases (= 81.25%) either presence or absence of depressive illness could be entirely accounted for by respectively presence or absence of the aforementioned two indicator variables.
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61. DE GRAAF, Theo K. (1998), Trauma and Psychiatry. The Role of Individual and Transgenerational Traumatisation in the Causation of Psychobiological Illness, Tilburg, Universiteit van Tilburg (KUB) (unpublished). (Unpublished PhD Thesis; summary at : http://www.theokdegraaf.nl/)

Abstract: (...) Theo de Graaf tries to formulate a provisional answer to this question by referring to the experience gained by himself and others from the treatment of severely traumatised individuals. These may be people who themselves have endured severe traumatic experiences, such as internment in a concentration camp and/or the loss of close relatives; bombardments, at the front, or as a civilian; the death of friends during combat; incest or severe neglect as a child; &c.. A second group consists of persons who have been secondarily traumatised and psychically damaged, having been born to parents who themselves suffered some of the aforementioned tragedies, and as a consequence were not able to bring up their children in a healthy and loving manner. In this dissertation the family dynamics and projective mechanisms underlying this so-called 'transgenerational' traumatisation are extensively dealt with. With the help of clinical examples and small studies of juvenile delinquents and patients suffering from depressive and psychotic illness, as well as from auto-immune disease (multiple sclerosis), the author presents a psychobiological causality model which could explain the different ways in which psychotraumatic and 'psychotoxic' experiences could eventually lead to a number of forms of psychobiological illness. A separate chapter [Chapter IV] is dedicated to the principles of multicausal and multiconditional causation in individual biological systems, and to the methodological and statistical consequences thereof for clinical research.
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62. DE MEUR, Gisèle, RAGIN, Charles, and RIHOUX, Benoît (forthcoming), Qualitative Comparative Analysis: a Handbook,

Abstract:
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63. DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît (6.13.2001), "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée. Objets, potentiels et limites", paper presented at : Séminaire méthodologique du Centre de Politique Comparée (CPC), UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve,

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64. DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît (2002), L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA): approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines, collab. YAMASAKI, S., Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-Bruylant.

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65. DELHEZ, Cécile (2005), "Le phénomčne des enfants-soldats en Afrique Sub-saharienne. Analyse comparée des facteurs explicatifs et pistes pour une action préventive", Louvain-La-Neuve: Mémoire de Licence, sous la direction de Prof. B. Rihoux.

66. DHILLION, Shivcharn S. and SVARSTAD Hanne (1996), From Plants in the South to Medicines in the North: A Cross-Disciplinary Project on Bioprospecting [Research Programme] (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract: Increasingly, bioprospecting is being seen as a key tool in the management of biological diversity in conformity with the Convention on Biological Diversity. This cross-disciplinary project will investigate whether bioprospecting in different cases and source countries represents a sustainable use of biodiversity. Further, the study will seek to investigate whether bioprospecting is connected to conservation efforts, whether it has developmental effects, and whether it provides local benefits. Emphasis will be placed on seeking explanations of the findings from the methods used by plant collectors and a combination of the following institutional factors: legal principles for bioprospecting and their implementation in source countries; characteristics of the state segments relevant for bioprospecting; the source country's capacity to negotiate specialised contracts in this area competently and skilfully; the manner and degree to which various factors and interests are represented in the decision-making process; legal factors in recipient countries as it may affect the content and flexibility of bioprospecting agreements; and ethics and policies of the bioprospectors. Qualitative comparative analysis will be applied in order to facilitate comparison of different causal conjunctures in a number of cases.
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67. ---------- (eds) (2000), Responding to Bioprospecting: From Biodiversity in the South to Medicines in the North. Oslo, Spartacus Forlag. (some information at : http://www.sum.uio.no/bioprospecting.htm)

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68. DIERKES, Julian B. (2001 (fall)), Teaching Portrayals of the Nation - Postwar History Education in the Germanys and Japan,Princeton University (unpublished). ([Dissertation proposal online at : http://www.princeton.edu/~jdierkes/proposal.html]; abstract of dissertation at : http://www.princeton.edu/~jdierkes/abstracts/diss_summary_0501.pdf)

Abstract: My dissertation will examine the postwar construction of national identity in the educational arena in Japan and the Germanys. Data gathered from secondary school history textbooks and curricula will allow me to classify and compare the portrayal of the nation in the three states over the postwar period. Data on the decision-making processes that lead to particular emphases in textbooks and curricula will help me in developing an organizational model of the content of national identity as it is to be taught in the school. Boolean algebra will aid me in selecting causally important factors for the comparative analysis. The analysis will show that institutionalized conceptions of the nation as well as the institutional configuration of actors involved in educational policy decision-making are associated with a number of alternative substantive outcomes. The dissertation will advance the understanding of the role of actors in institutional political sociology and will advance this approach by applying it to a new subfield and new historical cases. The dissertation will also develop methodological tools for the applicability of Boolean algebra to longitudinal comparisons.
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69. DIXON, Marc, ROSCIGNO, Vincent J., and HODSON, Randy (2004), "Unions, solidarity, and striking", Social Forces, 83(1):3-33.

70. DRASS, Kriss A. and RAGIN, Charles C. (1986), QCA : a Microcomputer Package for Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Social Data, Evanston, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University.

Abstract:
Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a new analytic technique that uses Boolean algebra to implement principles of comparison used by scholars engaged in the qualitative study of macro social phenomena. Typically, qualitatively oriented scholars examine only a few cases at a time, but their analyses are both intensive -- addressing many aspects of cases -- and integrative -- examining how the different parts of a case fit together, both contextually and historically. By formalizing the logic of qualitative analysis, QCA makes it possible to bring the logic and empirical intensity of qualitative approaches to studies that embrace more than a handful of cases--research situations that normally call for the use of variable-oriented, quantitative methods. Boolean methods of logical comparison represent each case as a combination of causal and outcome conditions. These combinations can be compared with each other and then logically simplified through a bottom-up process of paired comparison. Computer algorithms developed by electrical engineers in the 1950s provide techniques for simplifying this type of data. The data matrix is reformulated as a "truth table" and reduced in a way that parallels the minimization of switching circuits (see Charles Ragin, The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies). These minimization procedures mimic case-oriented comparative methods but accomplish the most cognitively demanding task -- making multiple comparisons of configurations -- through computer algorithms. The goal of the logical minimization is to represent -- in a logically shorthand manner -- the information in the truth table regarding the different combinations of conditions that produce a specific outcome.

71. DRASS, Kriss A. and SPENCER, J. William (1987), "Accounting for Pre-Sentencing Recommendations : Typologies and Probation Officers' Theory of Office", Social Problems, 34, 277-293.

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71. DUCKLES, Beth M., HAGER, Mark A., and GALASKIEWICZ, Joseph (2005), "How nonprofits close. Using narratives to study organizational processes", Qualitative Organizational Research, pp.169-203.

72. DUMONT, Patrick (6.12.2003), "Agenda-Setting: Party Manifestos and the Media "2"", paper presented at : Réunion Agenda-setting à Anvers, Anvers,

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73. DUMONT, Patrick and BÄCK, Hanna (forthcoming 2003), "Green Parties and the Question of Governmental Participation", European Journal of Political Research,

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74. Dumont, Patrick and Hanna Bäck, "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-11: Why So Few, and So Late? Green Parties and the Question of Governmental Participation." (2003): 44 pp. 2003.
Green parties have been represented in the parliaments of European Union countries since 1981 but only a few have entered national governments, and this has not happened until recently. Using a data-set comprising 44 government formation opportunities where Greens were represented in parliament, we show that parties involved in these bargaining situations were more office-oriented than earlier studies argued. As Green parties are less office-seeking than other parties, this general tendency for office-seeking behaviour in government formation may partly account for the scarcity of Greens in government. Further, we test a number of hypotheses derived from theories that account for the specific nature of Green parties in terms of their office-, policy- and vote-seeking orientations. We find that Greens participate in government when they have lost at least one election, when they are identified as a clear electoral threat by the main party of the left and when the policy-distance between the Greens and the main left party is small. As these simultaneous conditions only materialized recently, and in a few countries, we argue that our analysis, which is the first comparative and multivariate test on this question, helps explaining the scarcity and the delay of Green governmental participation.

75. DYCHAWY-ROSNER, Irena, EKLUND, M., and ISACSSON, A. (2001), "Caring Dynamics As Perceived by Staff Supporting Daily Occupations for Developmentally Disabled Adults", Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 15, 2, 123-132.

Abstract: This study addresses the issue of what direct care staff experience as a hinder or a help when supporting daily occupations among people with mental retardation. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire consisting of open-ended questions about the staff's perceived work experience. The respondents (n=81), corresponding to 96% of all care staff employed in a geographically defined care area in southern Sweden, worked with various day activity units supporting the daily occupations of their clients. An inductive method using qualitative comparative analysis and coding paradigm described by Strauss have been used as approach for the elaboration and the analysis of the data.
The results suggests that clinical actions are rooted in the dynarnic relationship that exist between the respondents' perceived realities of practice and their application. The staff´s experiences were captured as a series of actions and reactions in a variety of ways involving relations, interactions and interventions vis-a-vis their clients (the process of practice). This process is based on two areas: the phases of support actions and the dimensions of this support actions. The process of practice can take the form of increasing or failing to develop of the staff´s competence to create interventions with mentally retarded persons. For example, when difficulties are experienced was a tendency to fix on certain dimensions in the attitude of the staff, e.g. a negative and conflict-laden pattern of communication. It was suggested that to develop the quality of caregivers' interventions when supporting the daily activities of their clients, effort should be put into the identification of the structures embodied in the process of practice which increase the competence of staff.
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76. EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard and VISSER, Jelle (1998), "When Institutions Matter: Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe, 1950-95", MZES Arbeitspapiere / Working Papers, I/30, 1-37.

Abstract: During the early post-war period, Western trade union movements grew in membership and achieved an institutionalized role in industrial relations and politics. However, during the last decades, many trade unions have seen their membership decline as they came increasingly under pressures due to the social, economic and political changes. This article reviews the main structural, cyclical and institu-tional factors explaining union growth and decline. Concentrating on Western Europe, the empirical analysis compares cross-national union density data for 13 countries over the first period (1950-75) and for 16 countries over the second, "crisis" period (1975-95). The quantitative correlation and re-gression analysis indicates that structural and cyclical factors fail explain the level and changes in unionization across Western Europe, while institutional variables fare better. In a second, qualitative comparative analysis, the authors stress the need to explain cross-national differences in the level or trend of unionization by a set of institutional arrangements: the access of unions to representation in the workplace, the availability of a selective incentive in the form of a union-administered unemploy-ment scheme, recognition of employers through nation-wide and sectoral corporatist institutions, and closed shop arrangements for forced membership. Such institutional configurations support member-ship recruitment and membership retention, and define the conditions for the strategic choice of trade unions in responding to structural social-economic, political and cultural changes.
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77. ECHEVARRIA RAFULS, Silvia C. (5.15.1997/5.18.1997), "Experiences of Family Violence: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Florida Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (FAMFT) Annual Conference, Ft. Lauderdale Beach,

Abstract:
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78. EDWARDS, Sean J. A. (2003), Military History of Swarming (unpublished manuscript).

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79. Egan, Patrick, "The Political Viability of U.S. Social Policies, 1981-1996." (2002):2002.

80. EGEA-DE HARO, Alfonso (2001), "Globalization Within National Contexts: Elusive Concepts", paper presented at : Oslo Summer School in Comparative Social Science Studies 2001: "Comparative Methodology", University of Oslo, Norway,

Abstract: The impact of globalization upon national political contexts is considered as one of the main puzzles in social research. The discussion is mostly centred on how to measure that influence of the globalization process. Consequently, the methodological design of the research is one of the key points at stake. This paper suggests that a combination of quantitative and a historical insitutionalism elements is required in order to analyse the impact of globalisation upon national contexts. The difference between quantitative and historical insitutionalism methodology concerns the level of parsimony required in the social scientific explanation. In other word, while quantitative approach is prone to minimize the explanatory variables of the phenomenon analysed, historical institutionalism provides a plentiful setting of potential explanatory variables interactions but, at the same time, it is difficult to generalise the findings due to research is case driven. Quantitative studies overcome that withdraw of institutionalism, but quantitative analysis lack causality analysis and the definition of the property space of investigation.
The scope of the analysis suggested is prone to a first exploration based on a theoretically scope of the units of analysis involved in the research. This perspective based on comparative methodology permits to take into consideration the relationship between variables and the homogeneity of cases as configurations of such variables.
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81. FOWERAKER, J. and LANDMAN, Todd (1997), Citizenship Rights and Social Movements: a Comparative and Statistical Enquiry, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

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82. François, Corbiau, "Les positions des états face à l'intervention en Irak." (2004): 24 pp. 2004.

83. FROGNIER, André-Paul (2002), "Postface", in DE MEUR, Gisèle and RIHOUX, Benoît, L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA). Approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-Bruylant, pp. 145-146.

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84. GLADSTONE, Jack A (2003), "Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Evolutions", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 41-90.

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85. GOEMAN, Jelle (2001), Grondslagen van de vergelijkende methode: Een statistiche herziening van Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Leiden, Universiteit Leiden (unpublished).

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86. GOODWIN, Jeff (2001), "Between Success and Failure: Persistent Insurgencies", in GOODWIN, Jeff (ed.), No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 217-255.

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87. GOODWIN, Jeff (6.21.2001/6.24.2001), "The Limits of Repression: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Counterinsurgency", paper presented at : Conference on "Mobilization and Repression: What We Know and Where We Should Go From Here?", University of Maryland Conference Center,

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88. ---------- (2001), No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

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89. GORDIN, Jorge (2001), "The Electoral Fate of Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe: a Boolean Test of Extant Explanations", Scandinavian Political Studies, 24, 2, 149-170.

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90. Gottcheiner, Alain, "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-17: Contradictions and Their Use in Falsification: the Case of Comparative Linguistics and QCA's Contribution." (2003):2003.
Linguists searching about laws of phonetic changes make use of the entire corpus at their disposal. By so doing, they find laws that correctly describe observed changes, especially " splits ", but can't be checked. Such a law may always be found if using enough parameters, but doesn't guarantee a fair description. In a Popperian perspective, we'd like to suggest working on a partial corpus, trying to establish laws that correctly account for all matching multiplets considered, then applying these assumed laws to the rest of the corpus ; if no counterexample is found, the set of laws gains in credibility.
In this approach, QCA may be very useful, because it allows us to : 1) consider all possible influences (position in the word, preceding and following phoneme, umlaut/ablaut, position relative to stress, …) as conditions ; 2) use contradictions as guides to the detection of influences we forgot to use ; 3) modify the corpus and set of conditions at will ; 4) produce several laws, among which we may choose the most plausible ; 5) find implications that aren't seen at first glance.

91. ---------- (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Contradictions and Their Use in Falsification: the Case of Comparative Linguistics [Using QCA]", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications", Marburg, Germany,

Abstract: Linguists searching about laws of phonetic changes make use of the entire corpus at their disposal. By so doing, they find laws that correctly describe the changes observed, especially “splits”, but can’t be checked. Such a law may always be found if using enough parameters, but isn’t necessarily a fair description. In a Popperian perspective, I’d like to suggest working on a partial corpus, trying to establish laws that correctly account for all matching multiplets considered, then applying these assumed laws to the rest of the corpus; if no counterexample is found, the set of laws gains in credibility.
In this approach, QCA may be very useful, because it allows us to: 1) consider all possible influences (position in the word, preceeding and following phonem, umlaut/ablaut, position relative to stress, …) as conditions; 2) use contradictions as guides to the detection of influences we forgot to use; 3) modify the corpus at will; 4) produce several laws, among which we may choose the most plausible.
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92. GOTTCHEINER, Alain (2002), "Une utilisation possible de QCA: la recherche de traits phonologiques discriminants", ULB, Cahiers de questions et faits en discussion.

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92. GOTTCHEINER, Alain (2003), "Contradictions and their use in falsification: the case of comparative linguistics [using QCA]", ECPR General Conference, Marburg, Germany, 2003 Sept.18-21, 2003.

93. GOULD, Roger V (2003), "Uses of Network Tools in Comparative Historical Research", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 241-269.

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94. GRAN, Brian (forthcoming), "Beyond Analytic Induction: Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Complexity and Generality in Social Research", Sociological Quarterly,

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95. GRAN, Brian, GANNON, Lynn, SCHROEDER, Casey, and ALIBERTI, Dawn (9.3.2004/9.7.2004), "Explaining Children's Rights: An International Analysis of the Children's Rights Index", paper presented at : 2004 Annual Meeting of Research Committee 19, Paris,

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96. GRASSI, Davide (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Democratic Consolidation in 12 Latin American Countries", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Marburg, Germany,

Abstract: Studies on democratic consolidation, especially those dealing with the impact of economic development, have often been constructed as encompassing comparative analyses, comprising a large number of countries from different parts of the globe and periods of time extending over several decades. Yet, the specific effects of certain factors, operating for considerable numbers of countries and different historical phases, may disappear when more precisely defined spatial and temporal contexts are considered. Thus, whenever we are interested in particular regions and time spans, the findings of empirical investigations extending to other countries and periods of time need to be judged with caution and often disaggregated and analyzed at a lower level.
Accordingly, this article seeks to ascertain which factors have facilitated the survival of 12 Latin American democracies, established or re-established between the 1950s and the 1980s. Our findings show that democratic consolidation is the result of particular configurations of time sensitive facilitating factors. In particular, the endurance of the latest democracies has been crucially determined by legitimacy conditions and by the levels of repression exercised under the previous authoritarian regimes. In addition, when compared to some of the most entrenched Latin American democracies, installed in previous democratic waves and surviving for several decades to our days, the latest democratic regimes appear quite original. For instance, strong and cohesive party systems were fundamental in explaining the continued existence of democracies established or re-established in earlier democratic waves, but do not play a similar role in the last one. Thus, the specific way the preceding political record, both democratic and authoritarian, and the organization of political representation affect democratic survival varies considerably over time.
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97. GRASSI, Davide (4.14.2000/4.16.2000), "Democratic Consolidation in Contemporary Political Regimes : the Case of Latin America", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Copenhagen,

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98. ______ (2003), Democratic Consolidation in Contemporary Political Regimes : the Case of Latin America (unpublished manuscript).

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99. ---------- (10.01.2004/10.02.2004), "The Study of New Democracies in Latin America and Elsewhere: Reflections on the 25th Anniversary of the "Transitions Project" at the Woodrow Wilson Center", paper presented at : Washington Conference, Washington,

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100. GRASSI, Davide (2004), "La survie des régimes démocratiques: une AQQC des démocraties de la "troisième vague" en Amérique du Sud", Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 11, 1, 17-33.

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101. GREENBERG, Greg, MOUNT, Jeanine, and BRANDON, William (11.12.2000/11.16.2000), "Protecting Medicaid Mental Health Safety-Net Providers: Analysis of 29 States' Contracting Practices", paper presented at : 128th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA), Boston,

Abstract: Concern about the viability of mental health "safety-net" providers has led many states to include protections for them in state Medicaid contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs). Most commonly states include contract provisions that encourage MCOs to include safety-net providers in their networks, thus protecting them from much of the competition associated with managed care. We used qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to examine the role of four aspects of state's public health care delivery systems in influencing whether Medicaid-MCO contracts had these provisions. QCA is based on the logic and techniques of Boolean algebra and allows one to identify the multiple and conjunctural causes of an event as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions for an event to occur. QCA is particularly helpful for examining situations with complex patterns of interactions among the specified conditions. Using QCA we examined (1) stakeholders' roles (consumers and providers participation in the design and monitoring of state health systems); (2) state political climate and public attitudes about government provision of health services; (3) insulation of mental health services from non-mental healthcare (measured by carve-out status and existence of an independent implementing mental health agency); (4) bargaining strength of MCOs vis-a-vie state Medicaid agencies. The last was investigated by examining such factors as the state's need for greater numbers of MCOs and what the state could provide MCOs in terms of market size and reimbursement. This analysis used multiple sources to obtain data for twenty-nine states.
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102. GRENDSTAD, Gunnar (9.2.2004/9.5.2004), "A Boolean Approach To Party Preference. A Five-Country Study", paper presented at : APSA 2004 Annual Meeting, Chicago,

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103. GRIFFIN, Larry J., BOTSKO, Christopher, WAHL, Ana-Maria, and ISAAC, Larry W. (1991), "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity : Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Growth and Decline", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 110-136.

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104. ---------- (1991), "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity: Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Union Growth and Decline", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 32, 110-136.

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105. GRIFFIN, Larry J., CAPLINGER, Christopher, LIVELY, Kathryn J., MALCOM, Nancy L., MCDANIEL, Darren, and NELSEN, Candice (1997), "Comparative-Historical Analysis and Scientific Inference. Disfranchisement in the U.S. South As a Test Case.", Historical Methods, 30, 1, 13-27.

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106. GRIMM, Heike (2006), "Entrepreneurship Policy and Regional Economic Growth. Exploring the Link and Theoretical Implications", In: RIHOUX, Benoît and GRIMM, Heike (Eds.), Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. New York: Springer, pp. 123-144.

106. GRIMM, Heike and GAMSE, Robert (9.25.2004/9.28.2004), ""Entrepreneurship Policy" and Regional Economic Growth. Exploring the Correlation", paper presented at : ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation", Erfurt, Germany,

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107. GUAN, Yuqiang (??), How Women Won the Vote: The Political Successes of the State Suffrage Movements, 1866-1920 (unpublished manuscript). ((research project) abstract at : http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/SBE/SES.SBE.a9631520.txt)

Abstract: This is a study of the conditions under which a social movement is able to overcome powerful opposition to bring about significant political change. It will examine the state-level women's suffrage movements in the decades before and after the turn of the century to understand the circumstances in which movements are successful. In 1869 Wyoming was the first state (then a territory) to grant women suffrage. By 1920 when the l9th amendment was ratified, 33 states had enacted laws giving women one or more forms of partial suffrage, such as the right to vote in presidential or municipal elections, and 15 states (some of which had already enacted partial suffrage) had granted women full suffrage. The primary goal in studying the state suffrage movements is to develop and empirically test a theoretical model of social movement success. Rarely have researchers examined the conditions that lead to movement success defined in terms of political outcomes (as opposed to mobilization or cultural outcomes). For the state suffrage campaigns, political success was the expansion of the vote to women. The theoretical framework combines theories of movement mobilization with theories of the state, hypothesizing that the ability of the suffragists to bring about political change was shaped both by the movements' abilities to mobilize resources and by the social structural opportunities they confronted. Resource mobilization theory suggests that movement success stems from the ability of movement participants to mobilize key resources, including organizations and types of ideologies and strategies. The political process model of movement mobilization suggests that political opportunity structures influence movement effectiveness. Researchers, however, have typically interpreted political opportunity structures to encompass only the effect of actual political structures and processes (e.g., the openness of the polity or electoral instability) on the decisions of state actors to grant the demands of move ments. This research draws from various strands of theories of the state to expand the notion of opportunity structures, theorizing that gendered, economic, and racial opportunity structures also importantly influence the ability of movements to bring about political change. It combines social movement theory and theories of the state to explain social movement success.
This study employs quantitative methods to test the empirical validity of the theoretical model. Event history analysis permits comparison of the state movements and the state contexts in which they operated to explain why some movements failed and others succeeded. Other methods, such as qualitative comparative analysis and recursive regressions, will also be employed to explore the complexities and robustness of the results. The state movements exhibit theoretically important variation (e.g., in terms of organization, strategies, and ideologies), and the contexts in which they operated also vary (e.g., concerning party politics and cultural and economic opposition), thus offering the opportunity for comparative analysis of multiple movements working toward the same general goal, women's suffrage. This historical study will contribute to our understanding of the development of American democracy, and thus will be of value to teachers and students, especially to those who are interested in women's history. However, the scientific results will have much broader value, improving formal models of the success and failure of political movements in general, including modern ones.
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108. GULAYETS, Michael (1998), "Analyzing Violent Events Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Washington, D.C.

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109. HAGGERTY, Terry R. (1992), "Unravelling Patterns of Multiple Conjunctural Causation in Comparative Research: Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Method", Journal of Comparative Physical Education and Sport, 14, 19-27.

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110. HALL, C. (1998), "Institutional Solutions for Governing the Global Commons: Design Factors and Effectiveness", Journal of Environment and Development, 7, 2, 86-114.

Abstract:
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111. HALL, Peter A (2003), "Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics", in MAHONEY, James, MAHONEY, James, and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 373-405.

Abstract:
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112. HARKREADER, Steve and IMERSHEIN, Allen-W (1999), "The Conditions for State Action in Florida's Health-Care Market", Journal of Health Social Behavior, 40, 2, 159-174.

Abstract: Despite lack of confidence in government agencies to operate a nationalized health-care system in the United States, government agencies have significantly influenced the distribution and financing of health-care services in the market. Using the State of Florida as a case study, we examine the conditions under which a state health-care agency can consistently influence health-care market arrangements. We examined records from Florida's legislative sessions between 1965 and 1993 focusing on 27 legislative initiatives to involve the state's health-care agencies in the health-care services market. Using Boolean qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), we examined th conditions that facilitated or inhibited legislative policy initiatives for state action in Florida's health-care services market. The cohesiveness of state administrative agency and legislative leadership is of primary importance. Fragmented interests among health-care providers and fiscally legitimate policy positions, Whether those of state agencies or health-care providers, are important enabling factors for state action.
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113. HAWORTH-HOEPPNER, S. (2000), "The Critical Shapes of Body Image: The Role of Culture and Family in the Production of Eating Disorders", Journal of Marriage and the Family , 62, 1, 212-227.

Abstract: Although research has pointed to the influence of culture and family in the etiology of earing disorders, few, studies have examined how these influences conjoin in this process. This research explores how the family mediates cultural ideas about thinness and how the family conveys these messages to family members. Using a grounded theory approach, open-ended interviews were conducted with 32 White, middle-class women (with and without eating disorders) on the topic of body image and eating problems. In conjunction with this method, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was also performed to identify family characteristics, and their specific combinations, that were associated with eating disorders. The findings indicate that a critical family environment, coercive parental control, and a dominating discourse on weight in the household are salient conditions, and their specific configurations are discussed in relationship to current theoretical conceptualizations regarding the influences of culture and family in the production of eating disorders.
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114. HEIKKILA, Tanya (9.24.2001), "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management: a Comparative Analysis of Water Management Agencies in California", paper presented at : Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington,

Abstract:
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115. ---------- (2003), "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management: A Comparative Analysis of Water Management Programs in California", Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23, 1, 97-117.

Abstract: Policymakers and academics often identify institutional boundaries as one of the factors that shape the capacity of jurisdictions to manage natural resources such as water, forests, and scenic lands. This article examines two key bodies of literature - common-pool resource management theory and local public economy theory - to explain how the boundaries of political jurisdictions affect natural resource management. Two empirical methods were used to test hypotheses from the literature, using a study of water management programs in California. The results demonstrate that institutional boundaries that coincide with natural resources are likely to be associated with the implementation of more effective resource management programs. At the same time, where jurisdictions can control through coordination, they can also facilitate more effective resource management where jurisdictions do not match resource boundaries. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
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116. HEIKKILA, Tanya and ISETT, Kimberley (11.2.2000/11.4.2000), "Groundwater Governance and Conjunctive Water Management in California: an Institutional Analysis", paper presented at : National Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management, Seattle,

Abstract:
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117. HELLSTRÖM, Eeva (2001), Conflict Cultures. Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Environmental Conflicts in Forestry, Silva Fennica Monographs, 2, Helsinki, The Finnish Society of Forest Science / The Finnish Forest Research Institute. (online at : http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/sfmono.htm or http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/maa/talou/vk/hellstrom/)

Abstract: This research compares environmental conflicts in forestry in seven cases during 1984-1995. The cases include Finland, France, Minnesota USA, Norway, Pacific Northwest USA, Sweden and West Germany. The research is based on the notion that each society has its own ‘cultural’ ways of producing and managing environmental conflicts in forestry, depending on the social, political, economic, and resource characteristics of the society. The purpose of the study is to describe these conflict cultures, to identify and analyse the societal aspects that impact them, and to discuss the implications of understanding conflicts as cultural phenomena. The research is based on focused interviews of multiple actors related to forest management and protection. For the data analysis, a ‘hermeneutic’ (interpretative and understanding) approach is introduced to Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the use of which has been dominated by causal applications. As a result of the analysis, models of conflict cultures and conflict management strategies are constructed. The model of conflict cultures indicates three basic dimensions of conflict culture, and defines how they are related to each other. These dimensions are mild vs. intense conflicts, separatist vs. co-operative relations between actors and stability vs. change in forest resource policy and use. The model of conflict management strategies indicates to what extent the different cases place emphasis on interactive vs. institutional conflict management, and the management of conflicting (sub)cultures within the society vs. the conflict culture of the society.
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118. ---------- (1996), "Environmental Forestry Conflicts, Forest Policies and the Use of Forest Resources - Recent Developments in USA, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland and Norway", European Forest Institute Working Paper (Joensuu, Finland), 7, 1-72.

Abstract:
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119. ---------- (1998), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A Useful Tool for Research into Forest Policy and Forestry Conflicts", Forest Science, 44, 2, 254-265.

Abstract:
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120. HELLSTRÖM, Eeva and RANTALA, Kati (8.2000), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Opening New Paths for Social Research in Forestry", paper presented at : 21st IUFRO World Congress, Technical Session "Interface Between Forest Science and Policy Making", Kuala Lumpur,

Abstract:
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121. HERALA, Nina (1995), "Comparing Court Decisions With Qualitative Comparative Analysis-Method", Centre for Comparative Public Policy and Management, Univerisity of Vaasa. Occasional Papers, 3,

Abstract:
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122. HERALA, Nina (2004), Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in Comparative Law. Comparison of the Legal Regulation of Sustainable Development in Physical Planning in Denmark and Finland, Vaasa, Finland, Vaasan Yliopisto.

Abstract:
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123. HICKS, Alexander M. (1994), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Analytical Induction : the Case of the Emergence of the Social Security State", Sociological Methods and Research, 23, 1, 86-113 .

Abstract:
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124. HICKS, Alexander M., MISRA, Joy, and TANG, Nah Ng (1995), "The Programmatic Emergence of the Social Security State", American Sociological Review, 60, 3, 329-350.

Abstract:
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125. HINO, Airo (4.13.2004/4.18.2004), "Electoral Fate of New Parties: Effects of Government Participation in Comparative Perspective", paper presented at : Joint Session of the ECPR, Workshop "New Parties in Government", Uppsala, Sweden.

Abstract:
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126. HODSON, R. (2004), "A Meta-Analysis of Workplace Ethnographies - Race, Gender, and Employee Attitudes and Behaviors", Journal of Contemporary Ethnography , 33, 1, 4-38.

Abstract: Workplace ethnographies suggest many hypotheses about the effects of organizational characteristics on employee attitudes and behaviors. These hypotheses, however, are difficult to evaluate by considering each ethnography individually. The current article uses qualitative comparative analysis of content-coded data from the full population ofworkplace ethnographies to provide a fuller evaluation of the lessons these ethnographies have to offer The hypothesis that women are happy and quiescent workers receives only limited support. Women actually evidence less satisfaction and pride in their work than men, but they are more cooperative and less conflictual than men. Autonomy is the most consistent determinant of positive workplace attitudes, a finding that is consistent with survey-based research. These findings thus both confirm and condition prior conclusions about the workplace and suggest the importance of systematically compiling the findings of workplace ethnographies to evaluate and benchmark conclusions based on ethnographic analysis.
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127. HOEL, Alf Hakon (2000), Performance of Exclusive Economic Zones,IDGEC Report (Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change).

Abstract:
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128. HUANG, Teh-yi (8.28.2003/8.31.2003), "State Preferences and International Institutions: A Boolean Analysis of China's Use of Force and South China Sea Territorial Disputes", paper presented at : APSA 2003 Annual Meeting, Philadelphia,

Abstract:
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129. HUBER, Evelyne, RAGIN, Charles C., and STEPHENS, John D. (1993), "Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure, and the Welfare State", American Journal of Sociology, 99, 3, 711-749.

Abstract:
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130. HUBER, Günter L. and SCHRODI, Franz (1999), "Logical Minimization As a Tool for Research on Teacher Thinking", paper presented at : 9th Biennial Conference of the International Study Association on Teachers and
Teaching (ISATT), Dublin. (online at : http://www.aquad.de/texts/isatt99.htm)

Abstract: This paper describes the method of logically minimizing the various configurations of critical characteristics within the cases of a study and grouping them into clusters according to general patterns of features. Examples from studies on classroom discipline, active learning, and teachers' explanations of learning problems in mathematics are presented.
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131. HYTTINEN, Pentti, NISKANEN, Anssi, and OTTITSCH, Andreas (2000), "New Challenge for the Forest Sector to Contribute to Rural Development in Europe", Land Use Policy, 17, 3, 221-232.

Abstract:
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132. HYYRYLÄINEN, Esa (1997), "Kvalitatiivinen analyysi Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) -menetelmällä [Qualitative analysis using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)]", Centre for Comparative Public Policy and Management Occasional Papers, 3,

Abstract:
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133. IDIART, Alma (1998), "Stable Democracies in Latin America? Advancing Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens's Analysis for the Latin American Cases ", paper presented at : Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting, ??,

Abstract: This paper attempts to further Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens's (1992) comparative historical analysis of democratization and theory building for their Latin American cases by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as a technique for the implementation of analytical induction (Hicks 1994). For early waves of democratization two paths are identified. One is defined by (moderate) non-mining export sectors aided by clientelistic parties. The other is constituted by the same sectoral configuration aided by elite contestation. For latter waves, three alternative configurations are defined. For all these three configurations, given the presence of political parties during the second democratic period the combination of two of the following three factors allows for second wave stable democracies: 1) the absence of industrialization preceding democratization processes; 2) the presence of strong mechanisms of elite contestation (under the form of electoral contestation); and 3) the antecedent of previously stable democracies.
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134. INABA, Akihide (2001), "Enzyo Koudou wo Sokusin/Yokusei suru Zyouken : Meta Bunseki heno Ouyou [Application of Boolean approach to Meta Analysis : Using Helping Behavior Data]", in KANOMATA, Nobuo, NOMIYA, Daishiro, and HASEGAWA, Keiji (eds), Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis], Kyoto, Mineruva Syobo, pp. 130-147.

Abstract:
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135. ISHIDA, Atsushi (2003), Fs/QCA No Tsukaikata. [How to Use Fs/QCA] (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract:
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136. Jackson, Gregory, "Toward a Comparative Perspective on Corporate Governance and Labour Management." (2004): 41 pp. 2004.

137. JAHN, Detlef (1993), New Politics in Trade Unions : Applying Organization Theory to the Ecological Discourse on Nuclear Energy in Sweden and Germany, Aldershot, Dartmouth Publ.

Abstract:
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138. JANOSKI, Thomas (1991), "Synthetic Strategies in Comparative Sociological Research : Methods and Problems of Internal and External Analysis", in RAGIN, Charles C. (ed.), Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research, Leiden, E.J. Brill, pp. 59-81.

Abstract:
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139. JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds) (1994), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Abstract:
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140. JOHNSON, Linda S. (1999), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis: Applications to City/County Consolidation", paper presented at : Southern Political Science Meeting, Savannah,

Abstract:
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141. JOHNSON, Linda S. and FEIOCK, Richard C. (2001 ??), "City-County Consolidation : a Qualitative Comparative Approach". (available at : http://www.fsu.edu/~spap/archive/m29.pdf)

Abstract:
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141. KALLEBERG, Arne L. and VAISEY, Stephen (2005), "Pathways to a good job: perceived work quality among the machinists in North America", British Journal of Industrial Relations, 43(3):431-454.

142. KANGAS, Ollie (1991), The Politics of Social Rights : Studies on the Dimensions of Sickness Insurance in 18 OECD Countries, Stockholm, Swedish Institute for Social Research.

Abstract:
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143. ---------- (1994), "The Politics of Social Security : on Regressions, Qualitative Comparisons, and Cluster Analysis", in JANOSKI, Thomas and HICKS, Alexander M. (eds), The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 346-364.

Abstract:
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144. KANOMATA, Nobuo (2001), "Saibankan no Keireki: Kojin Deita heno Ouyou [Career of Judges: Application [of QCA] to Personal Data]", in KANOMATA, Nobuo, NOMIYA, Daishiro, and HASEGAWA, Keiji (eds), Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis], Kyoto, Mineruva Syobo, pp. 63-78.

Abstract:
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145. ---------- (2001), "Yogen no Jikozyouzyu Moderu [A model of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy]", in KANOMATA, Nobuo, NOMIYA, Daishiro, and HASEGAWA, Keiji (eds), Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis], Kyoto, Mineruva Syobo,

Abstract:
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146. KANOMATA, Nobuo, NOMIYA, Daishiro, and HASEGAWA, Keiji (eds) (2001), Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis], Kyoto, Mineruva Syobo.

Abstract:
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147. KATZNELSON, Ira (2003), "Periodization and Preferences: Reflections on Purposive Action In Comparative Historical Social Science", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 270-303.

Abstract:
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147. KILBURN, H. Whitt (2004), "Explaining U.S. urban regimes. A qualitative comparative analysis", Urban Affairs Review, 39(5):611-651.

148. KING, Robert L. and WOODSIDE, Arch G. (2000), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Travel and Tourism Purchase-Consumption Systems", Tourism Analysis, 5, 105-111.

Abstract: A purchase-consumption system (PCS) is the sequence of mental and observable steps a consumer undertakes to buy and use several products for which some of the products purchased lead to a purchase sequence involving other products. Some researchers recommend the use of qualitative comparative analysis (i.e., the use of Boolean algebra) to create possible typologies and then to compare these typologies to empirical realities. Possible types of streams of trip decisions from combinations of five destination options with six travel mode options and four accommodation categories, three accommodation brands, five within-area route options, and four in-destination area visit options result in 7200 possible decision paths. The central PCS proposition is that several decisions within a customer's PCS are dependent on prior purchases of products that trigger these later purchases. In this article, four additional propositions are presented for examination in future research. To examine the propositions and the usefulness of the PCS framework for tourism research, qualitative, long interviews of visitors to an island tourism destination (the Big Island of Hawaii) were conducted. The results include strong empirical support for the five propositions. Several suggestions for future research are offered.
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149. KISER, Edgar, DRASS, Kriss A., and BRUSTEIN, William (1995), "Ruler Autonomy and War in Early Modern Western Europe", International Studies Quarterly, 39, 109-138.

Abstract:
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150. KITCHENER, Martin, BEYNON, Malcolm, and HARRINGTON, Charlene (2002), "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Public Services Research: Lessons From an Early Application ", Public Management Review , 4, 4, 485-504 .

Abstract: This article introduces the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method, provides a detailed description of an early application in US public management research and draws lessons from the experience. In methodological terms, we show that QCA requires coding decisions that influence outcomes significantly and emphasize that this secondary data analysis technique be used in conjunction with primary methods in order to consider issues of process. The substantive findings from our application in a study of state-level barriers to policy diffusion indicate the potential of QCA as a systematic approach to the identification of linkages between causal factors that emerge as important to case study participants.
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151. KITTEL, Bernhard (1997), "Causes of Bargaining Trends in Industrial Relations: the Impact of Structural, Cyclical, and Political Factors in a Comparative Perspective", in KROPIVNIC, Samo, LUKSIC, Igor, and ZAJC, Drago (eds), Conflicts and Consensus. Pluralism and Neocorporatism in New and Old Democracies at the Region, Ljubljana, Slovenian Political Science Association, pp. 225-252.

Abstract:
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152. KITTEL, Bernhard, Herbert OBINGER, and Uwe WAGSCHAL (2000), "Determinanten der Konsolidierung und Expansion des Wohlfahrtsstaates im internationalen Vergleich.", 34 pp.

153. KITTEL, Bernhard, OBINGER, Herbert, and WAGSCHAL, Uwe (2000), "Wohlfahrtsstaaten im internationalen Vergleich. Politisch-institutionelle Faktoren der Entstehung und Entwicklungsdynamik", in OBINGER, Herbert and WAGSCHAL, Uwe (eds), Der “gezügelte” Wohlfahrtsstaat: Sozialpolitik in Australien, Japan, Schweiz, Kanada,
Neuseeland and den Vereinigten Staaten, Frankfurt/M, Campus Verlag, pp. 329-364.

Abstract:
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154. KOGUT, Bruce (12.2000), "The Transatlantic Exchange of Ideas and Practices: National Institutions and Diffusion", Les Notes de l'IFRI, 26, 3, 7-46. (online at : http://jonescenter.wharton.upenn.edu/papers/2000/wp00-13.pdf)

Abstract:
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155. KOGUT, Bruce and RAGIN, Charles (01.2004), "Exploring Complexity When Diversity Is Limited: Nations As Interpretations and Their Institutions As Possible Configurations", in ? (?), Do Facts Matter in Elaborating Theories?p. 55 pp.

Abstract:
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156. KOO, Jeong-Woo (2001 ??), Origins of Korean Civil Society. The Private Academies From the 16th to the 19th Century [Research Project] (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract:
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157. KOSTADINOVA, Petia (8.28.2003/8.31.2003), "Membership in the European Union: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions", paper presented at : APSA 2003 Annual Meeting, Philadelphia.

Abstract:
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158. KROOK, Mona Lena (2005), "Comparing Methods for Studying Women in Politics: Statistical, Case Study, and Qualitative-Comparative Techniques", Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association; Washington DC.

158. KROOK, Mona Lisa (Sept. 2005). "Temporality and causal configurations: combining sequences analysis and fuzzy set/qualitative comparative analysis", ECPR General Conference, Budapest, Hungary.

158. LACEY, Rodney (10.21.2001/10.24.2001), "Creating Generalized Knowledge From Case Studies: a New Methodological Approach", paper presented at : The Strategic Management Society 21st Annual International Conference, San Francisco,

Abstract: Most strategic research is either specific case studies (N < 6), or generalizable quantitative studies (N > 100), because researchers lack methods for handling multiple case studies (N=10-50). This paper demonstrates a new methodology, based on boolean analysis, that can handle multiple case studies and simultaneously achieve tailored and generalizable models of strategic practice. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) (Ragin, 1987) allows for systematic, statistical analysis of causal relationships when the number of cases would be too small for standard statistical tests, but when the complexity of data is too great for traditional qualitative approaches. This paper illustrates the effectiveness and utility of the multiple case method and QCA by showing how independent variables affect organizational innovation in 30 hypothetical but representative case studies.
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159. LANCASTER, Thomas D. and MONTINOLA, Gabriella R. (4.6.2001/4.11.2001), "Comparative Political Corruption: Issues of Operationalization and Measurement", paper presented at : ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on "Corruption, Scandal and the Contestation of Governance in Europe", Grenoble,

Abstract:
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160. LANDMAN, Todd (11.1.2000), "Comparative Politics and Human Rights", Human Rights Working Papers, 10, 1-43. (online at : http://www.du.edu/humanrights/workingpapers/papers/10-landman-11-00.pdf)

Abstract:
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161. ---------- (12.1.2000), "Comparative Politics and Human Rights", paper presented at : Conference on Law and Anthropology, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Wolfson College, Oxford. (online at : http://www.du.edu/humanrights/workingpapers/papers/10-landman-11-00.pdf)

Abstract:
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162. LAROSE, K. and HAGGERTY, Terry R. (10.2.1996/10.5.1996), "Factors Associated With Olympic Success : an Exploratory Study", paper presented at : European Association for Sport Management Congress, Montpellier. (online at : http://www.unb.ca/sportmanagement/haggerty/olympic.htm)

Abstract: Little conclusive research has been reported in the area of national Olympic success and its contributing factors. Yet, sport organizations worldwide continue to spend large amounts of money in the quest for excellence in sport performance. Without a clear model of the influence of various factors on sport success, it is difficult for sport policy makers to understand the problem and to make rational allocations and long-range planning decisions about their sport delivery system. There have been many studies about this topic. Some of the variables identified by past research are noted in Appendix 1 (...).
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163. LEDERMANN, Simone (2004), "Wozu denn wissenschafltich? Untersuchung zur Verwendung von Evaluationen in der schweierischen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit", Universität Bern: Lizentiatsarbeit.

163. LESTHAEGHE, Ron, KAUFMANN, Georgia, MEEKERS, Dominique, and SURKYN, Johan (1994), "Post-Partum Abstinence, Polygyny, and Age at Marriage : a Macro-Level Analysis of Sub-Saharian Societies", in BLEDSOC, C. and PISON, G. (eds), Nuptiality in Sub-Saharian Africa, Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. 25-54.

Abstract:
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164. LIEBERSON, Stanley and BELL, Eleanor O. (1992), "Children's First Names : an Empirical Study of Social Taste", American Journal of Sociology, 98, 3, 511-554.

Abstract:
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165. LIKHTENCHTEIN, Anna (9.18.2003/9.21.2003), "Comparing New Phenomena: Heuristic Potential of QCA. (Elite Driven Parties in Russia and Ukraine)", paper presented at : 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research", Marburg, Germany,

Abstract: This paper explores Duma elections in Russia (1993-1999) and Rada elections in the Ukraine (1994-2000). A methodological intrigue lies in the fact Ukrainian ruling elites began to exploit the strategy of party building later then in Russia, and in spite of the fact that at one point countries' institutional variables became 'similar', the political role of party principle remained 'different'. The paper points the question - what are the factors, accounted for such a puzzle, and what kind of expectations can be proposed about party system development in the countries.
To address this intriguing puzzle, this paper proposes a unique methodological solution to the problems described. In particular, the paper stresses the potential of comparative analysis for the investigation of new underdeveloped phenomena that often arise when dealing with transforming democracies.
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166. LILIENTHAL, S. and HAGGERTY, Terry R. (6.1993), "Factors Associated With Microcomputer Use in Professional Organizations: a Qualitative Comparative Analysis", paper presented at : Annual Conference of the North American Society for Sport Management, Edmonton,

Abstract:
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167. LOIZIDES, Neophytos G. (8.28.2003/8.31.2003), "Explaining Outcomes of Conflictual Situations: A Boolean Test on Greece and Turkey (1983-2003)", paper presented at : APSA 2003 Annual Meeting, Philadelphia,

Abstract:
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168. LUOMA, Pentti (9.25.2004/9.28.2004), "The Social Sustainability of the Community Structures: the Case of the Oulu Region in the North of Finland", paper presented at : ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation", Erfurt, Germany,

Abstract:
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169. MAHONEY, James (2003), "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 131-176.

Abstract:
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170. ---------- (2003), "Strategies of Casual Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis", in MAHONEY, James, MAHONEY, James, and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 337-372.

Abstract:
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171. MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (2003), "Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas", in MAHONEY, James and RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 3-40.

Abstract:
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172. ---------- (eds) (2003), Comparative Historical Research, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ Press.

Abstract:
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173. MAINES, D. and BRITT, D. W. (2002), "Complements and Tensions Between Narrative Analysis and Conceptual Modeling", in PHILLIPS, Bernard, KINCAID, Harold, and SCHEFF, Thomas J. (eds), Toward A Sociological Imagination: Bridging Specialized Fields, Lanham, MD, University Press of America,

Abstract:
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174. MARX, Axel (9.17.2004), "Discovering Actionable Knowledge: Systematic Comparative Case Analysis in Management Research (Slides of Presentation)", paper presented at : International Colloquium on Analyzing Strategic Change in Organizations: Innovative Methods for Management, Bruxelles,

Abstract:
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175. MARX, Axel and DOMBRECHT Jan (2004), COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-25: The Organisational Antecedents of Repetitive Strain Injuries: A Systematic Comparative Case Analysis of Assembly, Sorting and Packaging Jobs (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract: The paper presents a specific research-design – systematic comparative case analysis - to analyse the impact of organisational characteristics on individual level outcomes. A systematic comparative case analysis consists of an across case and within case analysis of a limited set of comparable cases. Across case analysis or Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) aims to identify similarities and differences between configurations of explanatory variables. Within case analysis aims to identify the causal mechanisms which link configurations to outcomes. Systematic comparative case analysis is applied to a research question on the organisational antecedents of repetitive strain injuries of the wrist in highly repetitive, non-fragmented and simple jobs. In total, 16 cases (each consisting on average of 15 workers) were analysed.
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176. ______ (2004), The Organisational Antecedents of Repetitive Strain Injuries: A Systematic Comparative Case Analysis of Assembly, Sorting and Packaging Jobs (unpublished manuscript).

Abstract: The paper presents a specific research-design – systematic comparative case analysis - to analyse the impact of organisational characteristics on individual level outcomes. A systematic comparative case analysis consists of an across case and within case analysis of a limited set of comparable cases. Across case analysis or Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) aims to identify similarities and differences between configurations of explanatory variables. Within case analysis aims to identify the causal mechanisms which link configurations to outcomes. Systematic comparative case analysis is applied to a research question on the organisational antecedents of repetitive strain injuries of the wrist in highly repetitive, non-fragmented and simple jobs. In total, 16 cases (each consisting on average of 15 workers) were analysed.
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177. MASON, George P. (5.28.2000), "The Part-Time Sociology Instructor and the "Trap" of Adjunct Faculty Positions: an Investigation into the Differences Faced by Part-Time Instructors on Both Sides of the Ambassador Bridge", paper presented at : Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association 35th Annual M