COMParative methods for the Advancement of Systematic cross-case analysis and Small-n Studies

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Comparative methods

1. AAREBROT, Frank H., and Pal H. BAKKA. "Die vergleichende Methode in der Politikwissenschaft." Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. eds Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER and Ferdinand MÜLLER-ROMMEL. 3rd ed. Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997. 49-66.

2. AMENTA, Edwin. "What We Know About the Development of Social Policy: Comparative and Historical Research in Comparative and Historical Perspective." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 91-130.

3. ANCKAR, Dag. "Dominating Smallness. Big Parties in Lilliput Systems." Party Politics 3.2 (1997): 243-63.
Abstract: Methods : comparison of smaller countries

4. ANONYMOUS. "Verifying and Integrating Qualitative Comparative Analysis.", 2006.

5. APTER, David E. "Comparative Politics, Old and New." A New Handbook of Political Science. eds Robert E. GOODIN and Hans-Dieter KLINGEMANN. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 372-400.
Abstract: Good review of the literature

6. BARTELS, Larry M. "Some Unfulfilled Promises of Quantitative Imperialism." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 69-74.

7. BARTOLINI, Stefano. "On Time and Comparative Research." Journal of Theoretical Politics 5.2 (1993): 131-67.
Abstract: Time dimension

8. BECKER, Howard S. Les ficelles du métier. Un guide de recherche en sciences sociales. Paris: La Découverte, 2002.

9. ---. Tricks of the Trade: How to Think About Your Research While You'Re Doing It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

10. BENDIX, Reinhart. "Max Weber." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. ed. David L. SILLS. Vol. 16. London: The Macmillan Company & The Free Press, 1968. 493-502.

11. BENNETT, Andrew. "Case Study Methods: Design, Use, and Comparative Advantages." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 19-55.

12. ---. "Causal Inference in Case Studies: From Mill's Methods to Causal Mechanisms." American Political Science Association Conference: 1999.

13. ---. "Qualitative Research Methods (Course Syllabus, Georgetown University).", 2001.
Abstract: The central goal of the seminar is to enable students to create and critique methodologically sophisticated case study research designs in the social sciences. To do so, the seminar will explore the techniques, uses, strengths, and limitations of case study methods, while emphasizing the relationships among these methods, alternative methods, and contemporary debates in the philosophy of science. The research examples used to illustrate methodological issues will be drawn from international relations, comparative politics, and American politics. However, the methodological content of the course is also applicable to the study of history, sociology, and economics.

14. BENNETT, Andrew, and Bear BRAUMOELLER. "Where the Model Frequently Meets the Road: Combining Statistical, Formal, and Case Study Methods .", forthcoming.

15. BENNETT, Andrew, and Alexander L. GEORGE. "An Alliance of Statistical and Case Study Methods : Research on the Interdemocratic Peace." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 5-.

16. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk. "Comparative Studies - Method and Design." International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. eds Neil J. SMELSER and Paul B. BALTES. Pergamon: Oxford, 2001. 2427-33.

17. ---. "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe - A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39.4 (1998): 335-77.

18. ---. "Makro-qualitative vergleichende Methoden." Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. eds Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER and Ferdinand MÜLLER-ROMMEL. 3rd ed. Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997. 67-88.

19. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, and Ferdinand MÜLLER-ROMMEL, eds. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. 3rd ed. Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997.

20. BERG-SCHLOSSER, Dirk, Charles RAGIN, and Benoît RIHOUX. "Configurational Comparative Analysis (CCA) As an Approach." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

21. BERGÈS, Michel. "Les conflits paradigmatiques de la comparaison." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 101-32.

22. BERNARD, H. Russell, and Gery RYAN. "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Text Analysis." Hand-Book of Method in Cultural Anthropology. ed. H. Russell BERNARD. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Books, 1998. ?? online at : http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/txtana.html.

23. ---. "Text Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods." Handbook of Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology. ed H. Russel BERNARD. ??: Sage, 1998. 595-641. online at : http://www.analytictech.com/mb870/bernard_ryan_text_analysis.pdf.

24. BERNHARD, Michael. "Seminar : Comparative Methods (Course Syllabus).", 2001.

25. BLEIKLIE, Ivar A., Malcolm L. GOGGIN, and Christine ROTHMAYR, eds. A Comparative Biomedical Policy. Governing Assisted Reproductive Technologies. New York: Routledge, 2004.

26. BLONDEL, Jean. Comparing Political Systems. New York: Praeger, 1972.

27. ---. "Plaidoyer pour une conception oeucuménique de l'analyse comparée." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 5-18.

28. BOLLEN, Kenneth A., Barbara ENTWISLE, and Arthur S. ALDERSON. "Macrocomparative Research Methods." Annual Review of Sociology 19 (1993): 321-51.

29. BOSWELL, Terry, and Cliff BROWN. "The Scope of General Theory. Methods for Linking Deductive and Inductive Comparative History." Sociological Methods and Research 28.2 (1999): 154-85.

30. BRADY, Henry, David COLLIER, and Jason SEAWRIGHT. "Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 3-20.

31. BRADY, Henry E. "Data-Set Observations Versus Casual-Process Observations: The 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 267-314.

32. ---. "Doing Good and DOing Better: How Far Does the Quantitative Template Get Us?" Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 53-68.

33. BRADY, Henry E, and Jason SEAWRIGHT. "Framing Social Inquiry: From Models of Causation to Statistically Based Causal Inference.", 2004.

34. BROWN, Cliff, and Terry BOSWELL. "Strikebreaking or Solidarity in the Great Steel Strike of 1919: A Split Labor Market, Game-Theoretic, and QCA Analysis." American Journal of Sociology 100.6 (1995): 1479-519.

35. CAMPBELL, Donald T., and Julian STANLEY. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966.

36. CAMPELL, Donald T. "Degrees of Freedom and the Cases Study." Comparative Political Studies 8.2 (1975): 178-93.

37. CAUTRES, Bruno. "Analyse cross-nationale des données d'enquetes. Quelques vieux problèmes récurrents." Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle: 2002.
Abstract: = L'analyse comparative des attitudes et comportements politiques a connu au cours des trois dernières décennies d'importants développements. Un certain nombre de programmes internationaux ou européens de collectes d'enquetes par sondages ont vu au cours de cette période (les enquetes sur les Valeurs des européens, l'Intenational Social Survey Programme). L'un des objectifs importants de cette contribution sera de porter un regard, parfois critique, sur les apports et les limites de ces enquetes à l'analyse politique comparative. Il serait notamment intéressant de procéder à une évaluation de ces programmes d'enquetes et des résultats des travaux qui en sont issus à l'aune des bilans que les auteurs des années 60 et 70 tiraient eux-memes.
Par bien des aspects en effet, il semble qu'il faille, malgré les importants progrès réalisés dans l'organisation internationale de la recherche et l'apparition de dispositifs opérationnels de collecte de données, revenir sur un certain nombre de vieux problèmes parfois en voie de résolution, parfois non...
L'objectif de cette communication est de proposer un balisage de ces vieux problèmes et des solutions offertes par l'analyse des données elles-memes.

38. CHANSON, G., et al. "La place de l’analyse qualitative comparée en sciences de gestion." Finance Contrôle Stratégie 3.8 (2005): 29-50.

39. CHILCOTE, Ronald H. Theories of Comparative Politics. The Search for a Paradigm Reconsidered. 1981. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

40. COLINO, César. "Método comparativo." Diccionario crítico de ciencias sociales. Terminología científico-social - aproximación crítica. ed. Roman REYES. Madrid: =Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2000. ?? online at : http://www.ucm.es/info/eurotheo/d-colino1.htm.

41. COLLIER, David. "The Comparative Method." Political Science : the State of the Discipline (II). ed. Ada W. FINIFTER. Washington: American Political Science Association, 1993. 105-19.

42. COLLIER, David. "The Comparative Method: Two Decades of Change." Comparative Political Dynamics. Global Research Perspectives. eds. Dankwart A. RUSTOW and Kenneth P. ERICKSON. New-York: Haper Collins, 1991. 7-31.

43. COLLIER, David. "Letter From the President. Comparative Method in the 1990s." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 1-4.

44. COLLIER, David, Henry E. BRADY, and Jason SEAWRIGHT. "Refocusing the Discussion of Methodology." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. eds. David COLLIER and Henry E. BRADY. Boulder, CO and Berkeley: Roman & Littlefield and Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2003.

45. COLLIER, David, Henry E BRADY, and Jason SEAWRIGHT. "Sources of Leverage in Casual Inference: Toward an Alternative View of Methodology." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 229-66.

46. COLLIER, David, BRADYM HENRY E, and Jason SEQWRIGHT. "Critiques, Responses, and Trade-Offs: Drawing Together the Debate." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 195-228.

47. COLLIER, David, and James E. MAHON. "Conceptual "Stretching" Revisited: Adpating Categories in Comparative Analysis." Amercian Political Science Review 87.4 (1993): 845-55.

48. COLLIER, David, and James MAHONEY. "Insights and Pitfalls - Selection Bias in Qualitative Research." World Politics 49.1 (1996): 56-.

49. COLLIER, David, James MAHONEY, and JAson SEAWRIGHT. "Claiming Too Much: Warnings About Selection Bias." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 85-102.

50. COLLIER, David, Jason SEAWRIGHT, and MUNCKM GERARDO. "The Quest for Standards: King, Keohane, and Verba's Designing Social Inquiry." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 21-50.

51. COLLIER, Ruth Berins, and David COLLIER. Shaping the Political Arena : Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

52. CRONQVIST, Lasse, and Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER. "Multi-Value QCA (MVQCA)." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

53. CROTTY, William J. "A Perspective for the Comparative Analysis of Political Parties." Comparative Politics 3.3 (1970): 267-96.

54. CURCHOD, Corentin. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2002-4: Diversity-Oriented Research. Between Complexity and Generality.", 2002. 11 pp.
Abstract: Warning
This paper is NOT a working paper. This is a few notes I took while reading Charles Ragin's book on Fuzzy-Set (Ragin [2000]. "Fuzzy-Set Social Science", Chicago: The University of Chicago Press). I also selected a few quotations from the book, which seem useful to me. They appear in the text with a left borderline. Please do not quote this document, and check the original book before reusing quotations.
Avertissement
Ce papier N'EST PAS un working paper. Il s'agit de quelques notes prises pendant la lecture de l'ouvrage de Charles Ragin concernant les ensembles flous (Ragin [2000]. "Fuzzy-Set Social Science", Chicago: The University of Chicago Press). J'ai également sélectionné dans l'ouvrage quelques citations qui me semblaient utiles. Elles apparaissent dans le texte qui suit avec une bordure à gauche. Ne pas citer ce document, et vérifier l'ouvrage original avant de réutiliser les citations.

55. ---. "Faits et idées en management stratégique.", 2001.

56. DAHL, Robert A., and Edward R. TUFTE. Size and Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973.
Abstract: Country size and comparison

57. DALTON, Russell J. "Comparative Politics : Micro-Behavioral Perspectives." A New Handbook of Political Science. eds Robert E. GOODIN and Hans-Dieter KLINGEMANN. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 336-52.

58. DE MEUR, Gisèle. "La comparaison des systèmes politiques : recherche des similarités et des différences." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 3.2 (1996): 405-37.
Abstract: MSDO-MDSO technique

59. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER. "Comparing Political Systems : Establishing Similarities and Dissimilarities." European Journal of Political Research 26.2 (1994): 193-219.
Abstract: MSDO-MDSO technique

60. ---. "Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe : Systematic Matching and Contrasting of Cases for "Small N" Analysis." Comparative Political Studies 29.4 (1996): 423-68.
Abstract: MSDO-MDSO technique

61. DE MEUR, Gisèle, Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER, and Charles C. RAGIN. "Statistical Methodology and Comparative Research." IPSA Conference: 1994.

62. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Benoît RIHOUX. "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée (AQQC-QCA): une "troisième voie" au service de la politique comparée?" Colloque de la Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée "Faire de la politique comparée au 21ème siècle" Atelier 2: outils méthodologiques: =Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Bordeaux, 2002.

63. ---. "L'Analyse Quali-quantitative Comparée. Objets, potentiels et limites." Séminaire méthodologique du Centre de Politique Comparée (CPC), UCL: Université Catholique de Louvain, 2001.

64. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Benoît RIHOUX. "L'analyse Quali-Quantitative Comparée. Une "troisieme voie" au service de la politique comparée." Penser la politique comparée. Un état des savoirs théoriques et méthodologiques. Eds Céline THIRIOT, Marianne MARTY, and Emmanuel NADAL. Paris: Editions Kharthala, 2004. 279-90.

65. DE MEUR, Gisèle, Sakura YAMASAKI, and Benoît RIHOUX. "Critiques of CCA and ‘Critique of the Critiques’." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

66. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER. "Comparative Research Design : Case and Variable Selection." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

67. DE MEUR, Gisèle, and RIHOUX BENOÎT. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

68. DEHEZ, Pierre. "L'analyse comparative, une étape vers une meilleure analyse quantitative?" Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 129-31.

69. Dietsche, Evelyn. "The Political Economy of Policy Decisions: Why Good Technical Reform Designs Don't Always Work." (2003).
Abstract: Mainstream economists advising developing countries on public management reforms often find it frustrating that politicians and senior civil servants are reluctant to pursue policies that are thought to foster economic growth and social welfare. Political economists seek explanations for why decision makers choose sub-optimal policies and jeopardise national development prospects. They recognise that politicians and the staff of public agencies operate under complex incentives that often result in poor policy decisions with negative economic and social consequences. This article reviews recent strands of political economics analyse policy-;aking and the trajectories of policy outcomes. It demonstrates complemetarities and disparities and assesses the extent to which convergence has occurred in recent years.

70. DION, Douglas. "Evidence and Inference in the Comparative Case Study." Comparative Politics (1998): 127-45.
Abstract: (Case selection)

71. DOGAN, Mattei. "L'analyse quantitative en science politique : us et abus." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 37-60.

72. DOGAN, Mattei. "Use and Misuse of Statistics in Comparative Research. Limits to Quantification in Comparative Politics: The Gap Between Substance and Method." Comparing Nations. Concepts, Strategies and Substance. eds. Matei DOGAN and Ali KAZANCIGIL. Oxford, Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994. 35-71.

73. DOGAN, Mattei, and A. KAZANCIGIL, eds. Comparing Nations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.

74. DOGAN, Mattei, and Dominique PÉLASSY, eds. La comparaison internationale en sociologie politique : une sélection de textes sur la démarche du comparatiste. Paris: Librairies Techniques, 1980.

75. ---. Sociologie politique comparative. Problèmes et perspectives. Paris: Economica, 1981.

76. DONER, Richard, and Randall STRAHAN. "Qualitative Methods (Course Syllabus, Emory University).", 2001.
Abstract: The goal of the course is to help students develop proficiency in the use of qualitative methods in two respects. The first is to understand and be able to articulate the assumptions about the political world and arguments about scientific knowledge on which qualitative approaches in
political science are grounded. We will devote particular attention to the question of how research designs involving relatively small numbers of intensive observations can be used to develop and test theory in political science. The second type of proficiency the course will help students develop involves basic knowledge of the principal techniques used by political scientists who do qualitative research. Our objective is to help students develop the methodological tools needed to pursue rigorous qualitative research for the dissertation, either as a supplement to quantitative analyses or as the principal research strategy.

77. DUMONT, Patrick, and Hanna BÄCK. "A Combination of Methods and Process Tracing As the Next Step of Scientific Advance in Coalition Formation Theories." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies": 2003.
Abstract: In this paper, we show that we can improve the drawing of causal inferences about coalition formation by complementing extensive studies with in-depth case studies. The general strategy is to use the predictive performance obtained in a large-n analysis to select cases that were predicted ("on the regression line"), and cases that are not predicted, or deviant ("off the regression line") in previous empirical tests of coalition theories. This selection strategy combined with process tracing should enable us to study the mechanisms underlying the effects found in large-N studies (in the predicted cases), and to study new explanatory variables that could explain the deviant outcomes (in the non-predicted cases). Hence, we should be able to perform ‘process verification’, which involves testing whether the observed processes among variables in a case match those predicted by previously designated theories, thus using case study to confirm models that in the case of coalition formation were elaborated deductively, and ‘process induction’, which involves the inductive observation of apparent causal mechanisms and heuristic rendering of these mechanisms as potential hypotheses for future testing.

78. EBBINGHAUS, Bernhard. "How the Cases You Choose Limit the Questions You Ask: Selection Problems in Comparative Research Designs." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: The paper discusses the problems of case selection in comparative cross-national research, that is, how the cases you choose limit the questions you ask. It discusses the pitfalls of quantitative cross-national research, arguing that selection bias is not unique to small-N studies but inherent to the study of real world social systems. All comparative research of social entities, whether quantitative or qualitative, face the problem of limited diversity, the fact that the potential pool of cases has been selected by historical social processes. In small-N studies, the purpose of comparison and the subsequent research design assumes a particularly important role as cases do not represent observations for extensive variable analysis but determine the contexts for intensive within case analyses, the results of which are then compared. For what purpose are cases chosen? Are they selected to elicit unique cases departing from general patterns, to find common causes among cases with similar outcome, to control for similar context conditions, to test predictions by universal hypotheses, to understand the impact of context conditions on causal mechanisms? The paper discusses the consequences of the interaction between research question and research design with examples from cross-national studies of modern welfare states.

79. ECKSTEIN, Harry, and David E. APTER. Comparative Politics : a Reader. New York: The Free Press, 1968.

80. EGGAN, F. "Social Anthropology and the Method of Controlled Comparison." American Anthropologist 56 (1954): 743-63.

81. FAURE, Andrew Murray. "Some Methodological Problems in Comparative Politics." Journal of Theoretical Politics 6.3 (1994): 307-22.

82. FEAGIN, J. R., A. ORUM, and G. SJÖBERG, eds. A Case for the Case Study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.

83. FROGNIER, André-Paul. "Logique(s?) de la politique comparée." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 61-90.

84. ---. "Postface." L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA). Approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines. Gisèle DE MEUR and Benoît RIHOUX. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2002. 145-46.

85. GEDDES, Barbara. "How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answers You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics." Political Analysis. (ed) J. STIMSON. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1990. 131-50.

86. GEDDES, Barbara. Paradigms and Sand Castles. Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: The Universty of Michigan Press, 2003.

87. GERRING, Jason. "Causation: A Unified Framework for the Social Sciences.", 2003.

88. Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

89. GERRING, John. "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?" American Political Science Review 98.2 (2004): 341-54.

90. GIRAUD, Olivier. "Le comparatisme contemporain en science politique : entrée en dialogue des écoles et renouvellement des questions." Stratégies de la comparaison internationale. eds Michel LALLEMENT and Jan SPURK. Paris: =Editions du CNRS, 2001. ??
Abstract: Les politologues ont pour tradition de célébrer la comparaison pour son oeuvre de fondation de leur discipline. Un survol de publications récentes montre cependant à quel point, la science politique est aujourd'hui critique vis-à-vis de sa méthode fétiche. Les politologues critiquent inlassablement et parfois amèrement mise en application et résultats du comparatisme (Apter, 1996; Frognier, 1994; Hassenteufel, 2000; Smith, 2000), proclament cent fois la nécessité d'innover radicalement (Levi, 2000; Ragin, 1996), ou au contraire, de retrouver la sagesse et la force de mettre en oeuvre les règles et les méthodes traditionnelles et fondatrices de la discipline (Sartori, 1994). (...)

91. GLADSTONE, Jack A. "Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Evolutions." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 41-90.

92. GOERTZ, Gary. Social Science Concepts: a User's Guide. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.

93. GOERTZ, Gary. Social Science Concepts: a User's Guide. Exercises (Version 3.0, August 1, 2007). Tucson: University of Arizona, 2007.

94. GOLDTHORPE, John H. "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology : a Debate on Methodological Issues." Comparative Social Research 16 (1997): 1-26.

95. GOODIN, Robert E., and Hans-Dieter KLINGEMANN, eds. A New Handbook of Political Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

96. GOULD, Andrew. "Conflicting Imperatives and Concept Formation." Review of Politics 61.3 (1999): 439-63.
Abstract: "Conflicting imperatives" lie at the heart of many important social science concepts. This label was introduced by Reinhard Bendix to characterize concepts that entail a dynamic tension among contradictory goals, priorities, or motivations. Notwithstanding the attention scholars give to conflicting imperatives, the importance to social science research of concepts based on conflicting imperatives has not adequately been recognized and the issues of concept formation that arise with these concepts have not been explored. This article seeks to address these shortcomings and to give the consideration of conflicting imperatives a more central place in conceptual and methodological discussions.

97. GOULD, Roger V. "Uses of Network Tools in Comparative Historical Research." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 241-69.

98. GRAN, Brian. "Beyond Analytic Induction: Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Complexity and Generality in Social Research." Sociological Quarterly (forthcoming).

99. GRIFFIN, Larry J., et al. "Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity : Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Growth and Decline." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 110-36.

100. HAGFORS, Robert, and Olli KANGAS. "Neural Computation As a Clustering Method for Comparative Welfare State Research." ESPAnet 2004 Conference, Comparative Methodology Stream: 2004.

101. HAGUE, Rod, Martin HARROP, and Shaun BRESLIN. Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction . Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

102. HALL, Peter A. "Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY, James MAHONEY, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 373-405.

103. HALL, Peter A. "Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Research." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

104. HASSENTEUFEL, Patrick. "Deux ou Trois Choses que Je Sais d'Elle. Remarques a Propos d'Expériences de Comparaisons Européennes." Les Méthodes au Concret - Démarches, Formes de l'Expérience et Terrains d'Investigations en Science Politique. Myriam BACHIR, et al. Paris (?): PUF, 2000. 105-24.

105. HAVERLAND, Markus, and S. B. M. PRINCEN. "Causaliteit in meervoudige case-studies [Causality in multiple case-studies]." Sociale Wetenschappen 4.4 (1998): 24-41.
Abstract: Multiple case studies are frequently used to test causal claims. Because of the small number of cases involved, however, causal inference from these studies is problematic. In this article, these problems are discussed in the context of studies of the determinants of environmental policy. Starting from six crucial assumptions underlying causal inference from small-N studies, it is shown that some of these assumptions can be weakened by the systematic use of theory in the selection of cases and by process tracing. Also, Charles Ragin's method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis is examined to see to what extent it escapes the limitations of traditional small-N studies. Although a number of limitations can be overcome by (a combination of) these methods, causal inference from small-N studies remains especially vulnerable to the quality of the theory that is used and the way the variables are measured.

106. HAY, Peter R., and M. G. HAWARD. "Comparative Green Politics : Beyond the European Context?" Political Studies 36 (1988): 433-48.
Abstract: Cultural differences (in/out of Europe)

107. HAYDU, Jeffrey. "Making Use of the Past: Time Periods As Cases to Compare and As Sequences of Problem Solving." Annual Journal of Sociology 104 (1999): 339-71.

108. HECKSCHER, Gunnar. "General Methodological Problems." Comparative Politics : a Reader. eds Harry ECKSTEIN and David E. APTER. New York: The Free Press, 1968. 35-42.

109. HEIKKILA, Tanya. "Institutional Boundaries and Common-Pool Resource Management: A Comparative Analysis of Water Management Programs in California." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23.1 (2003): 97-117.
Abstract: Policymakers and academics often identify institutional boundaries as one of the factors that shape the capacity of jurisdictions to manage natural resources such as water, forests, and scenic lands. This article examines two key bodies of literature - common-pool resource management theory and local public economy theory - to explain how the boundaries of political jurisdictions affect natural resource management. Two empirical methods were used to test hypotheses from the literature, using a study of water management programs in California. The results demonstrate that institutional boundaries that coincide with natural resources are likely to be associated with the implementation of more effective resource management programs. At the same time, where jurisdictions can control through coordination, they can also facilitate more effective resource management where jurisdictions do not match resource boundaries. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

110. HENKE, Roger. "Vergelijkende methoden vergeleken [Comparative methods compared]." Sociale Wetenschappen 4.4 (1998): 8-23.
Abstract: The literature on the methodology of comparative research is extensive. Major perspectives are focussed on 1. Definitions: which research should be called comparative? 2. Typologies: what comparative research strategies can be identified? 3. Techniques: what are the conditions for the proper use of a particular strategy? This article does not try to summarize, let alone synthesize this body of literature but opts for a different approach. It is argued that a simple cross table of the unit of analysis, the properties of that unit and the research question at hand can be used as a frame for analyzing (comparative) methods of analysis. The author is tributary to Charles Ragin and Howard Becker for the ideas presented.

111. HICKS, Alexander M. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Analytical Induction : the Case of the Emergence of the Social Security State." Sociological Methods and Research 23.1 (1994): 86-113 .

112. HOLT, Robert T, and John E. TURNER. "The Methodology of Comparative Research." The Methodology of Comparative Research. eds Robert T HOLT and John E. TURNER. New York: The Free Press, 1970. 1-20.

113. IDIART, Alma. "Stable Democracies in Latin America? Advancing Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens's Analysis for the Latin American Cases ." Southern Sociological Society Annual Meeting: 1998.
Abstract: This paper attempts to further Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens's (1992) comparative historical analysis of democratization and theory building for their Latin American cases by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as a technique for the implementation of analytical induction (Hicks 1994). For early waves of democratization two paths are identified. One is defined by (moderate) non-mining export sectors aided by clientelistic parties. The other is constituted by the same sectoral configuration aided by elite contestation. For latter waves, three alternative configurations are defined. For all these three configurations, given the presence of political parties during the second democratic period the combination of two of the following three factors allows for second wave stable democracies: 1) the absence of industrialization preceding democratization processes; 2) the presence of strong mechanisms of elite contestation (under the form of electoral contestation); and 3) the antecedent of previously stable democracies.

114. ISHIDA, Atsushi, Miya YONETANI, and Kenji KOSAKA. "Determinants of Linguistic Human Rights Movements: An Analysis of Multiple Causation of LHRs Movements Using a Boolean Approach." Social Forces 84.4 (2006): 1937-55.
Abstract: We examine the social background of movements for linguistic human rights by way of QCA analysis. Linguistic human rights have been a focus of interests widely among scholars, but no sustained effort was done to see determinants of the social background of movements for the rights. We chose candidate factors such as diversity of languages within a country, literacy rate, population size, national income as an index of affluence, and existence of constitution supporting the rights to explain the occurrence of social movements. We collected and created data in proper form for 157 countries in the world, which was subject to QCA analysis. Our conclusion is that the economic affluence and perhaps the educational level play greater roles for linguistic minority people to assert their human rights. An explicit formula will be shown and discussed in the main text.

115. JANDA, Kenneth. "Comparative Political Parties : Research and Theory." Political Science : the State of the Discipline (II). ed. Ada W. FINIFTER. Washington: American Political Science Association, 1993. 163-91.

116. ---. "Retrieving Information for a Comparative Study of Political Parties." Approaches to the Study of Party Organization. ed. William J. CROTTY. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1968. 159-216.

117. JANOSKI, Thomas. "Synthetic Strategies in Comparative Sociological Research : Methods and Problems of Internal and External Analysis." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 59-81.

118. JANOSKI, Thomas, and Alexander M. HICKS, eds. The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

119. JUCQUOIS, Guy. "Le Comparatisme, Éléments pour une Théorie." Le Comparatisme dans les Sciences de l'Homme. eds Guy JUCQUOIS and Christophe VIELLE. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université, 2000. 17-46.

120. JUCQUOIS, Guy. "Histoire des idées. Comparatismes et diversité culturelles." Universalia 1995. Paris: Encyclopedia Universalis, 1995. 380-82.

121. JUCQUOIS, Guy. "Notes Comparatives (1-6)." Le Comparatisme Devant le Miroir. eds Guy JUCQUOIS and Pierre SWIGGERS. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1991. 19-38.

122. ---. "Notes Comparatives (7-14)." Comparatisme, Mythologies, Langages. eds Christophe VIELLE, Pierre SWIGGERS, and Guy JUCQUOIS. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1994. 427-54.

123. ---. "Les Origines du comparatisme contemporain." Recherches Sociologiques .3 (1998): 3-21.

124. JUCQUOIS, Guy, and Pierre SWIGGERS. "Comparatisme: contours d'une visée." Le Comparatisme Devant le Miroir. eds Guy JUCQUOIS and Pierre SWIGGERS. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1991. 13-18.

125. ---. ""Comparatisme": une Présentation." Le Comparatisme Devant le Miroir. eds Guy JUCQUOIS and Pierre SWIGGERS. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1991. 7-9.

126. JUCQUOIS, Guy, and Christophe VIELLE, eds. Le Comparatisme dans les Sciences de l'Homme. Approches Pluridisciplinaires. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université, 2000.

127. ---. "Illusions, Limites et Perpectives du Comparatisme Indo-Européen. Pour en finir avec le mythe scientifique des proto-langues/-peuples." Festschrift for Eric P. Hamp. Volume 1. Journal of Indo-European Studies .Monograph number 23 (1997): 162-84.

128. KACOWICZ, Arie M. "Case Study Methods in International Security Studies." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 107-25.

129. KAMRAVA, Mehran. Understanding Comparative Politics. A Framework for Analysis. London: Routledge, 1996.

130. KANOMATA, Nobuo. "Yogen no Jikozyouzyu Moderu [A model of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy]." Shituteki Hikaku Bunseki [Qualitative Comparative Analysis]. eds Nobuo KANOMATA, Daishiro NOMIYA, and Keiji HASEGAWA. Kyoto: Mineruva Syobo, 2001.

131. KATZ, Richard S., and Peter MAIR. "The Cross-National Study of Party Organizations." Party Organizations. A Data Handbook. eds Richard S. KATZ and Peter MAIR. Beverly Hills & London: Sage Publications, 1992. 1-20.

132. KATZNELSON, Ira. "Periodization and Preferences: Reflections on Purposive Action In Comparative Historical Social Science." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 270-303.

133. |KING, Gary, Robert O KEOHANE, and Sidney VERBA. "The Importance of Research Design." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 181-92.

134. KITSCHELT, Herbert. "Party Competition in LAtin America and Post-Communist Eastern Europe. Divergence of Patterns, Similarity of Explanatory Variables.", 2003.

135. KLANDERMANS, Bert, and Suzanne STAGGENBORG, eds. Methods of Social Movements Research. Social Movements, Protest, and Contention Series 16: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
Abstract: Citing the critical importance of empirical work to social movement research, the editors of this volume have put together the first systematic overview of the major methods used by social movement theorists. Original chapters cover the range of techniques: surveys, formal models, discourse analysis, in-depth interviews, participant observation, case studies, network analysis, historical methods, protest event analysis, macro-organizational analysis, and comparative politics. Each chapter includes a methodological discussion, examples of studies employing the method, an examination of its strengths and weaknesses, and practical guidelines for its application.

136. KLINGMAN, David. "Temporal and Spatial Diffusion in Comparative Analysis of Social Change." American Political Science Review 74.1-2 (1980): 123-37.
Abstract: diffusion

137. KOSAKA, Kenji. "Hikakubunsekiho No Formalisation. C. Ragin No Teigon Wo Megutte. [The Formalisation of the Comparative Method. On C. Ragin's Suggestion.]." Shakaigaku Ni Okeru Riron to Gainen No Formalisation. [The Formalisation of Concepts and Theories in Sociology.]. ed Junichi KOBAYASHI. 1991. 99-115.

138. KOSAKA, Kenji. "Tasks of Sociologists in Asia Pacific Societies." 5th Conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Association (APSA): 2002.
Abstract: The paper was read as the Presidential Address at the fifth conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Association held in Brisbane, Australia, July 4-7, 2002. The title of the conference itself was “Asia Pacific Societies: Contrasts, Challenges and Crises.” The paper classifies sociological studies into four types by cross-tabulating the two dimensions of research strategy (generalizing versus historical) and purposes of comparisons (between nations versus within nations). I stressed the importance of types of studies with a generalizing strategy, which is least developed in Asia Pacific societies, by illustrating my own preliminary efforts to use Boolean algebra in my study of homeless people who are increasing in contemporary Japan.

139. KRIESI, Hanspeter. Les démocraties occidentales. Une approche comparée. Politique Comparée. Paris: Economica, 1994.

140. ---. "Les principes de la méthode comparée." Les démocraties occidentales. Une approche comparée. Hanspeter KRIESI. Paris: Economica, 1994. 27-45.

141. KROUWEL, André. "Lecture 1. What Is Comparative Political Science?", 2001. 10p.

142. ---. "Lecture 2. Development and Controversy in Comparative Politics. ", 2001. 13p.

143. ---. "Lecture 2b. Problems of Comparison: Units of Analysis, Measurement and Bias.", 2001. 11p.

144. ---. "Theories and Approaches to Politics: Institutionalism, Functionalism and Behaviouralism.", 2001. 27p.

145. KVIST, Jon. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-15: Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Categorisation - Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research.", 2003. 29 pp.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the 1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity to predefined ideal typical models.

146. ---. "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Categorisation - Diversity, Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Welfare State Research.", 2003. 31 pp.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the 1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity to predefined ideal typical models.

147. ---. "Conceptualisation, Configuration, and Classification Ideal Types and Fuzzy Sets in Social Research." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications": 2003.
Abstract: This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner which is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy set theory which are useful for ideal type analysis and presents an illustrative example of how it can be used in comparative studies. The example concerns changing welfare policies and employment performance during the 1990s in a number of Northern European countries and relates to their conformity to predefined ideal typical work-welfare models.

148. LANDMAN, Todd. "Comparative Politics and Human Rights." Human Rights Working Papers .10 (2000): 1-43.

149. ---. "Comparative Politics and Human Rights." Conference on Law and Anthropology, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies: 2000.

150. ---. Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2000.

151. LANDMAN, Todd, ed. Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics. An Introduction. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2003.

152. LANE, Jan-Erik, and Svante ERSSON. Comparative Politics. London: Sage, 1999.

153. ---. Comparative Politics. An Introduction and New Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994.

154. LEVI-FAUR, David. "Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis." The Politics of Regulation. eds Jordana JACINT and LEVI-FAUR DAVID. University of Manchester, forthcoming.
Abstract: The aims of this paper are to explore the role of variations and commonalities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in the context of medium-N comparative designs, especially those designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The paper identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinant of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and commonalties in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches through complex research designs might prove a more sound and effective method for the study of regulation.

155. ---. "Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: The aims of this paper are to explore the role of variations and commonalities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in the context of medium-N comparative designs, especially those designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The paper identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinant of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and commonalties in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches through complex research designs might prove a more sound and effective method for the study of regulation.

156. ---. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-16: Comparative Research Designs in the Study of Regulation: How to Increase the Number of Cases Without Compromising the Strengths of Case-Oriented Analysis.", 2003.
Abstract: The aim of this chapter is to explore the role of variations and similarities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The chapter identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinants of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and similarities in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches - through complex research designs - might prove a sounder and more effective method for the study of regulation.

157. ---. "A Question of Size? On the Ontology of Kind and the Methodologies of Size in Social Science Research." ESF Exploratory Workshop on "Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. And Interdisciplinary European Endeavour for Methodological Advances and Improved Policy Analysis/Evaluation": 2004.

158. LEVI, Margaret. "Analytic Narratives and Other Systematic and Rigorous Ways to Do Case Study and Qualitative Comparative Research (Course Syllabus, University of Washington).", 2001.

159. LIEBERSON, Stanley. "Causal Analysis and Comparative Research: What Can We Learn From Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases." Rational Choice Theory and Large-Scale Data Analysis. eds Hans-Peter BLOSSFELD and Gerald PREIN. Boulder: Westview, 1998. 129-45.

160. ---. Making It Count : the Improvement of Social Research and Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

161. ---. "More on the Uneasy Case for Using Mill-Type Methods in Small N Comparative Studies." Social Forces 72.4 (1994): 1225-37.

162. ---. "Small N's and Big Conclusions : an Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases." Social Forces 70.2 (1991): 307-20.

163. LIJPHART, Arend. "The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research." Comparative Political Studies 8.2 (1975): 158-77.

164. LIJPHART, Arend. "Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method." American Political Science Review 65.3 (1971): 682-93.

165. LIKHTENCHTEIN, Anna. "Comparing New Phenomena: Heuristic Potential of QCA. (Elite Driven Parties in Russia and Ukraine)." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: This paper explores Duma elections in Russia (1993-1999) and Rada elections in the Ukraine (1994-2000). A methodological intrigue lies in the fact Ukrainian ruling elites began to exploit the strategy of party building later then in Russia, and in spite of the fact that at one point countries' institutional variables became 'similar', the political role of party principle remained 'different'. The paper points the question - what are the factors, accounted for such a puzzle, and what kind of expectations can be proposed about party system development in the countries.
To address this intriguing puzzle, this paper proposes a unique methodological solution to the problems described. In particular, the paper stresses the potential of comparative analysis for the investigation of new underdeveloped phenomena that often arise when dealing with transforming democracies.

166. LOCKE, Richard, and Kathleen THELEN. "Problems of Equivalence in Comparative Politics : Apples and Oranges Again." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 9-12.

167. LUEVANO-MARTINEZ, Guillermo. "Brokers and Social Movements: An Analysis of the Role of Social Brokers in I Debtor’s Movement in Mexico." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies": 2003.
Abstract: This paper examines the key role that brokers play in the organizational dynamics of the debtors’ movement in Mexico known as El Barzón. It looks at the ways in which organizational structures influence the position of brokers, as well as how their particular attributes are related to them being identified as significant brokers within the movement. Using network analysis across three different social movement organizations within the movement, the paper shows that brokers form an important link within horizontal and vertical organizational structures, but that differences in the structure itself shape both the formation and the role of the brokers. In that manner, this paper includes agency properties to hypothesise why some of the actors located in the structural position of brokerage are chosen as intermediaries (brokers) and not others, as well as the influence of structural properties on brokerage.

168. LUOMA, Pentti. "Social Sustainnability of Community Structures: A Systematic Comparative Analysis Within the Oulu Region in Nothern Finland." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 237-62.

169. MACKIE, Thomas T., and David MARSH. "The Comparative Method." Theory and Methods in Political Science. eds David MARSH and Gerry STOKER. London: MacMillan, 1995. 173-88.

170. MACRIDIS, Roy C. "A Survey of the Field of Comparative Government." Comparative Politics : a Reader. eds Harry ECKSTEIN and David E. APTER. New York: The Free Press, 1968. 35-42.

171. MACRIDIS, Roy C., and Bernard E. BROWN, eds. Comparative Politics. Notes and Readings. 7th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks & Cole Publishing Co., 1990.
Abstract: Reader.

172. MAHONEY, James. "Comparative-Historical Methodology ." Annual Review of Sociology 30 (2004): 81-101.
Abstract: The last decade featured the emergence of a significant and growing literature concerning comparative-historical methods. This literature offers methodological tools for causal and descriptive inference that go beyond the techniques currently available in mainstream statistical analysis. In terms of causal inference, new procedures exist for testing hypothesis about necessary and sufficient causes, and these procedures address the skepticism that mainstream methodologists may hold about necessary and sufficient causation. Likewise, new techniques are available for analyzing hypotheses that refer to complex temporal processes, including path-dependent sequences. In the area of descriptive inference, the comparative-historical literature offers important tools for concept analysis and for achieving measurement validity. Given these contributions, comparative-historical methods merit a central place within the general field of social science methodology.

173. MAHONEY, James. "Comparative-Historical Methods: The State of the Art. Lecture for the COMPASSS Meeting, 25-6 November 2004, Leuven.", 2004.

174. MAHONEY, James. "Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research: The Case of Democracy and Authoritarianism." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 131-76.

175. MAHONEY, James. "Rational Choice Theory and the Comparative Method: an Emerging Synthesis ?" Studies in Comparative International Development 35.2 (2000): 83-94.

176. MAHONEY, James. "Strategies of Casual Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY, James MAHONEY, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 337-72.

177. ---. "Tentative Answers to Questions About Casual Mechanisms.", 2003.

178. MAHONEY, James, and Gary GOERTZ. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2003-8: The Possibility Principle and Case Selection: Choosing Negative Cases in Comparative Analysis.", 2003. 27pp.
Abstract: A central challenge in qualitative research involves selecting the ``negative'' cases (e.g., nonrevolutions, nonwars) to be included in analyses that seek to explain positive outcomes of interest (e.g., revolutions, wars). Although it is widely recognized that the selection of negative cases is highly consequential for theory testing, methodologists have yet to formulate specific rules to inform this selection process. In this paper, we propose a principle -- the Possibility Principle -- that provides explicit, rigorous, and theoretically-informed guidelines for choosing a set of negative cases. The Possibility Principle advises researchers to select only negative cases where the outcome of interest was possible. An outcome is considered possible if one or a small number of independent variables predict its occurrence. Our discussion elaborates this principle and its implications for both theory formulation and theory testing. Major points are illustrated with substantive examples from studies of revolution, economic growth, democracy, and interstate war.

179. MAHONEY, James, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. "Comparative Historical Analysis: Achievements and Agendas." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 3-40.

180. ---, eds. Comparative Historical Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

181. MAIR, Peter. "Comparative Politics : an Overview." A New Handbook of Political Science. eds Robert E. GOODIN and Hans-Dieter KLINGEMANN. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 309-35.

182. MARMOR, Theodore R., and Evan S. LIEBERMAN. "Tobacco Control in Comparative Perspective: Eight Nations in Search of an Explanation." APSA Annual Meeting 2004: 2004.

183. MARRADI, Alberto. "Natura, forme e scopi della comparazione : un bilancio." Metodo scientifico e ricerca politica. ed. D. FISICHELLA. Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1985.

184. MARX, Axel, and Hans PEETERS. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-29: Win for Life - An Empirical Exploration of the Socail Consequences of Introducing a Basic Income.", 2004.

185. MARX, Axel, and Benoît RIHOUX. "Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Systematic Comparative Case Analysis in Management Research." Paper Prepared for a Themed Issue of Management Decision : Qualitative Methods in Management Research (2006).
Abstract: One challenge for management research is to design research in such a way that it is relevant for and applicable to real world situations. The paper introduces a research strategy/design - systematic comparative case research - which can increase the direct relevance and applicability of research for management. The paper first of all discusses the limitations of two existing research strategies, namely single case-oriented qualitative research and variable-oriented quantitative research. In a next step systematic comparative case research is introduced, elaborated upon and discussed. The proposed research strategy aims to bridge the gap between qualitative and quantitative research from the perspective of qualitative research. In this sense the proposed research-strategy is fundamentally qualitative in nature. It interprets outcomes in the context of a case and aims to give an explanation for each outcome. This deterministic character of the approach allows for a more direct link between theory and action.

186. MAYER, Lawrence C. Redefining Comparative Politics. Promise Versus Performance. Newbury Park, London & New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1989.

187. MCKEOWN, Timothy J. "Case Studies and the Limits of the Quantitative Worldview." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 139-68.

188. MERKL, Peter H. Modern Comparative Politics. Modern Comparative Politics Series. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.

189. MIDLARSKY, Manus. "Analyzig Diffusion and Contagion Effects : the Urban Disorders of the 1960s." American Political Science Review 72 (1978): 996-1008.
Abstract: diffusion

190. ---. "Mathematical Models of Instability and a Theory of Diffusion." International Studies Quarterly 14 (1970): 60-84.
Abstract: diffusion

191. ---. On War : Political Violence in the International System. New York: The Free Press, 1975.
Abstract: diffusion

192. MILL, John Stuart. A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive. 1843. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967.

193. MITCHELL, Ronald, and Thomas BERNAUER. "Beyond Story-Telling: Designing Case Study Research in International Environmental Policy." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 81-106.

194. MONIZ, Antonio Brandao. "Scenario-Building Methods As a Tool for Policy Analysis." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 185-209.

195. MONTULET, Bertrand. "Mobilités : contribution à une perspective spatio-temporelle en sociologie.". Université Catholique de Louvain, 1998.
Abstract: (Space and time factors)

196. MOUL, W. B. "On Getting Something for Nothing : a Note on Causal Models of Political Development." Comparative Political Studies 7.2 (1974): 139-64.

197. MÜLLER, Leos, and Gyorgy NOVAKY. "Om komparativ metod inom historievetenskapen.", 1997.

198. MUNCK, Gerardo L. "Tools for Qualitative Research." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 105-22.

199. MUNOZ, Lucio. "Beyond Traditional Sustainable Development: Sustainability Theory and Sustainability Indeces Under Ideal Present-Absent Qualitative Comparative Conditions.", 2004.

200. ---. "Non-Traditional Research Methods and Regional Planning Needs in Developing Countries: Is There an Ideal Methodology?" Theomai Journal 6 (2002).

201. NAROLL, R. "Galton's Problem : the Logic of Cross-Cultural Research." Social Research 32 (1965): 428-51.

202. NELSON, Kenneth. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-21: The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies.", 2004. 44 pp.
Abstract: This study evaluates institutional linkages between different types of social security programs in eighteen welfare states in the early 1990s. The purpose is to analyze the determinants of cross-national variations in the level of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. From an economic point of view it is hypothesized that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs for means-tested benefits. From a political perspective, the hypothesis is that this impact derives from the degree to which social policies promote cross-class interests in support for the welfare state. Finally, from a strictly institutional perspective, the hypothesis is that social insurance set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection. The empirical analyses show that not all aspects of social insurance are of equal importance in explaining cross-national variations in the level of minimum income protection. The most important aspect seems to be the degree to which social insurance provides income security, which supports the middle-class inclusion hypothesis on institutional dependencies between different tiers of the social security system.

203. ---. "The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Assessing the Respective Potential of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Fuzzy Sets and Other Techniques : Applications": 2003.
Abstract: This paper evaluates institutional linkages between different types of social security programs. The purpose is to explain cross-national variation in the generosity of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. The analysis includes 18 countries in the early 1990s. From an economic point of view it is assumed that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs for means-tested benefits, whereas the impact from a middle class perspective originates from the degree to which social policies promote cross-class interests in defence for the welfare state. Finally, from a strictly institutional perspective it is assumed that social insurance set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection. The empirical analyses give strongest support to the middle class inclusion thesis, which indicates that the degree of income security in social insurance is of importance for cross-national differences in the generosity of minimum income protection

204. ---. "The Last Resort. Determinants of the Generosity of Means-Tested Minimum Income Protection in Welfare Democracies.", 2004. 92-134.
Abstract: This study evaluates institutional linkages between different types of social security programs in eighteen welfare states in the early 1990s. The purpose is to analyze the determinants of cross-national variations in the level of minimum income protection. Three hypotheses of an institutional relationship between social insurance and the generosity of minimum income protection are tested by means of OLS-regression, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Fuzzy-set analysis. From an economic point of view it is hypothesized that the impact of social insurance on the generosity of minimum income protection is mediated through its effects on the costs for means-tested benefits. From a political perspective, the hypothesis is that this impact derives from the degree to which social policies promote cross-class interests in support for the welfare state. Finally, from a strictly institutional perspective, the hypothesis is that social insurance set certain upper limits to the level of means-tested benefits, which determine the possibilities of raising the value of minimum income protection. The empirical analyses show that not all aspects of social insurance are of equal importance in explaining cross-national variations in the level of minimum income protection. The most important aspect seems to be the degree to which social insurance provides income security, which supports the middle-class inclusion hypothesis on institutional dependencies between different tiers of the social security system.

205. NICHOLS, E. "Skocpol on Revolution : Comparative Analysis Vs. Historical Conjuncture." Comparative Social Research 9 (1986): 163-86.

206. NORKUS, Zenonas. "Contemporary Comparative Historical Sociology.", 2003.

207. ODELL, John S. "Case Study Methods in International Political Economy." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 56-80.

208. ODELLS, John S. "Case Study Methods in International Political Economy." Models, Numbers and Cases: Methods for Studying International Relations. Eds Detlef F. SPRINZ and Yael NAHMIAS-WOLINSKY. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 56-80.

209. PARSONS, Talcott. "Comparative Studies and Evolutionary Change." Comparative Methods in Sociology. Essays on Trends and Applications. ed. Ivan VALLIER. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. 97-140.

210. PENNINGS, Paul, Hans KEMAN, and Jan KLEINNIJENHUIS. Doing Research in Political Science. An Introduction to Comparative Methods and Statistics. London: Sage Publications, 1999.

211. PETERSEN, Roger, and John BOWEN. "Mechanisms and Cases in Comparative Studies." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 15-18.

212. PICKEL, Susanne, et al., eds. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaftliche Methoden. Neue Entwicklungen und Diskussionen. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003.

213. PIERSON, Paul. "Big, Slow-Moving, and ...Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 177-207.

214. PINSON, Gilles. "Compared Monographies, a Promising Approach for the Study of Cities in Transition. Evidences From the Compared Analysis of Four Large Urban Projects." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies": 2003.
Abstract: The orthodox use of comparison in social science requires that the researcher knows the potential determining variables at the beginning of his comparative work. The aim of this paper is to show that this kind of comparison tends to reify sub-national realities.
This paper advocates three alternative uses of comparison. First, though comparison is essential for theory verification, it is also very important for theory building. Second, comparison is not exclusively useful to compare national contexts (inter-national comparison) but also to compare sub-national realities (trans-national comparison), which enable to take into account potential similarities between realities in two diverse countries and differences in the same national context. Third, comparison can also be used to practice problematic import-export. Field comparative work is often an opportunity to learn new approaches, new theories and different hypotheses on social and political phenomenon. For these ends, I propose a new methodological framework, called compared monographs.

215. PLOUG, Niels. "Appendix 4.3: Institutional Analysis of the Welfare State.", 2001.

216. PRZEWORSKI, Adam, and Henry TEUNE. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1970.

217. PUNCH, Keith F, author. Introduction To Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 1998. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2004.

218. RAGIN, Charles. "From Crisp to Fuzzy Sets." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

219. ---. "The Limitations of Net-Effects Thinking." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New york: Springer, 2006. 13-41.

220. RAGIN, Charles C. "Case-Oriented Research and the Study of Social Action." Rational Choice Theory and Large-Scale Data Analysis. eds Hans-Peter BLOSSFELD and Gerald PREIN. Boulder: Westview, 1998. ??

221. ---. "Comparaison, analyse qualitative et formalisation." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 3.2 (1996): 383-403.

222. RAGIN, Charles C. The Comparative Method. Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1987.

223. RAGIN, Charles C. "Comparative Methodology, Fuzzy Sets and the Study of Sufficient Causes." APSA-CP. Newsletter of the APSA Organized Section in Comparative Politics 9.1 (1998): 18-22.
Abstract: Preview of some of the arguments of the 2000 book on fuzzy sets

224. ---. Constructing Social Research. The Unity and Diversity of Method. Newbury Park: Pine Forge Press, 1994.

225. ---. "Introduction : the Problem of Balancing Discourse on Cases and Variables in Comparative Social Science." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 1-8.

226. ---. "Introduction to Qualitative Comparative Analysis." The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State. eds Thomas JANOSKI and Alexander M. HICKS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 299-319.

227. ---, ed. Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991.

228. ---. "The Logic of the Comparative Method and the Algebra of Logic." Journal of Quantitative Anthropology 1.2 (1989): 373-98.

229. ---. "New Directions in Comparative Research." Cross-National Research in Sociology. ed. Melvin L. KOHN. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989. 57-76.

230. RAGIN, Charles C. "La place de la comparaison: jalons pour la recherche comparative configurationnelle." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 118-29.

231. RAGIN, Charles C. "Préface." L'analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC-QCA). Approche, techniques et applications en sciences humaines. Gisèle DE MEUR and Benoît RIHOUX. Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2002. 11-14.

232. RAGIN, Charles C. "Réponses: "La spécificité de la recherche configurationnelle"." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 138-45.

233. RAGIN, Charles C. Shakai Kagaku ni okeru Hikaku Kenkyuu: Sitsuteki Bunseki to Keiryouteki Bunseki no Tougou ni mukete [Japanese translation of : The comparative method. Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies (1987)]. translators [chief translator : N.  Kanomata] Nobuo KANOMATA, et al. Kyoto: Mineruva syobo, 1993.

234. ---. "Turning the Tables : How Case-Oriented Methods Challenge Variable-Oriented Methods." Comparative Social Research 16 (1997): 27-42.

235. RAGIN, Charles C. "Turning the Tables: How Case-Oriented Research Challenges Variable-Oriented Research." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. ed. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 123-38.

236. RAGIN, Charles C. "Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Study Configurations." Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis. Theory, Methods and Practice. ed. Udo KELLE. London: Sage Publications, 1995. 177-89.

237. RAGIN, Charles C., and H. BECKER, eds. What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

238. RAGIN, Charles C., Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER, and Gisèle DE MEUR. "Political Methodology : Qualitative Methods." A New Handbook of Political Science. eds Robert E. GOODIN and Hans-Dieter KLINGEMANN. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 749-68.

239. RAGIN, Charles C., et al. "Mellom kompleksitet og generalisering: En kvalitativ komparativ analys av Village Republics [Between complexity and generality : a qualitative comparative analysis of "village republics"]." Sosiologi i dag [Sociology today] 23.4 (1993): 67-87.

240. RAGIN, Charles C., et al. "Complexity, Generality, and Qualitative Comparative Analysis." Field Methods 15.4 (2003): 323-40.

241. RAGIN, Charles C., et al. "Symposium: the Case of Case Study Research."Vol. 13. 2000.

242. RAGIN CHARLES C., and John SONNETT. "Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases, and Comparative Analysis." Vergleichen in der Politikwissenschaft. eds. Sabine KROPP and Michael MINKENBERG. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, forthcoming (2004). 25 pp.
Abstract: Counterfactual analysis has a long and distinguished history in comparative research. To some, counterfactual analysis is central to comparative inquiry because such research typically embraces only a handful of empirical cases (Fearon 1991). If there are only a few instances (e.g., of revolution), then researchers, of necessity, must compare empirical cases to hypothetical cases. The affinity between counterfactual analysis and comparative research, however, derives not from its focus on small Ns, but from its configurational nature. Case-oriented explanations of outcomes are often combinatorial in nature, stressing specific configurations of causal conditions. Rather than focus on the net effects of causal conditions, case-oriented explanations emphasize their combined effects.
To support an argument emphasizing combinations of causal conditions, it is necessary for researchers to compare cases that are closely matched with each other. The ideal comparison is between pairs of cases that differ on only one causal condition (Mill 1843). Such comparisons help researchers establish whether or not a specific causal condition is a integral part of the combination of conditions that generates the outcome in question. It is very difficult to match empirical cases in this manner, however, due to the limited diversity of empirical social phenomena.
In this paper, we discuss the impact of limited diversity on comparative case-oriented research. We show how limited diversity is conceived in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA; see Ragin 1987, 2000), and link QCA strategies for addressing limited diversity to counterfactual analysis. We distinguish two kinds of counterfactual cases, "difficult" and "easy," and demonstrate procedures for incorporating "simplifying assumptions" into QCA based on the analysis of "easy" counterfactual cases. We illustrate these methods with comparative data on international fishing regimes collected by Olav Schram Stokke (2004).

243. ---. "COMPASSS Working Paper 2004-23: Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases, and Comparative Analysis.", 2004.
Abstract: Counterfactual analysis has a long and distinguished history in comparative research. To some, counterfactual analysis is central to comparative inquiry because such research typically embraces only a handful of empirical cases (Fearon 1991). If there are only a few instances (e.g., of revolution), then researchers, of necessity, must compare empirical cases to hypothetical cases. The affinity between counterfactual analysis and comparative research, however, derives not from its focus on small Ns, but from its configurational nature. Case-oriented explanations of outcomes are often combinatorial in nature, stressing specific configurations of causal conditions. Rather than focus on the net effects of causal conditions, case-oriented explanations emphasize their combined effects.
To support an argument emphasizing combinations of causal conditions, it is necessary for researchers to compare cases that are closely matched with each other. The ideal comparison is between pairs of cases that differ on only one causal condition (Mill 1843). Such comparisons help researchers establish whether or not a specific causal condition is a integral part of the combination of conditions that generates the outcome in question. It is very difficult to match empirical cases in this manner, however, due to the limited diversity of empirical social phenomena.
In this paper, we discuss the impact of limited diversity on comparative case-oriented research. We show how limited diversity is conceived in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA; see Ragin 1987, 2000), and link QCA strategies for addressing limited diversity to counterfactual analysis. We distinguish two kinds of counterfactual cases, "difficult" and "easy," and demonstrate procedures for incorporating "simplifying assumptions" into QCA based on the analysis of "easy" counterfactual cases. We illustrate these methods with comparative data on international fishing regimes collected by Olav Schram Stokke (2004).

244. RAGIN, Charles C., and David ZARET. "Theory and Method in Comparative Research : Two Strategies." Social Forces 61.3 (1983): 731-54.

245. REIF, Karlheinz. "Vergleichende Parteien- und Verbändeforschung." Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. eds Dirk BERG-SCHLOSSER and Ferdinand MÜLLER-ROMMEL. 3rd ed. Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997. 175-90.

246. RICHARD, Jean-Luc. "Differential Registration and Electoral Participation Between French People of Foreign Origin in France and “French Born People”: Methodological Issue in Using Longitudinal Data and Log-Linear Models." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "The Potential of Statistical Methods in “Small N” and “Medium N” Situations": 2003.
Abstract: In France, using panel data in Political Science Studies is very rare. Only two panels do exist: the Survey about registration and political participation at the votes (surveys conducted, for a long time, by the French National Institute of Statistics, INSEE) and the new French Electoral Panel created by the Political Sciences National Foundation (FNSP). INSEE’s surveys are also useful to study social phenomena like social mobility on differential rates of unemployment (and therefore discriminations) in different social of ethnic groups. About that topics, recent debates show that these dimensions also interest political scientists. That’s why it could be interested to show the nature of these debates and the importance of the different conclusions they have lead. Using log-linear models with longitudinal data with comparative purposes raises some problems that researchers are sometimes forgetting (differential attrition, non-homogeneity of variables’ effects on the different groups). The presentation will also allow us to present the use of the INSEE data to compare registration and electoral participation between French people of foreign origin in France and “French born people”.

247. RIHOUX, Benoît. "Comparing the Organizational 'Transformation' of Green Parties." ECPR 2001 General Conference, Panel on "Green Parties": ECPR, 2001.

248. ---. "Een diepgaande toepassing van QCA : de verklaring van de organisationële "transformatie" van Groene partijen in Westeuropa." Doctorandusseminarie, Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, KULeuven: Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, KULeuven, 2001.

249. ---. "Les partis écologistes en Europe : un cas d'école pour l'analyse du changement dans les organisations partisanes." Conférence des Lundis du CEVIPOF (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, CNRS) 2000-2001, "Les partis politiques en France et en Europe", session "Les partis écologistes en France et en Europe": CEVIPOF (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, CNRS), 2001.

250. ---. Les partis politiques : organisations en changement. Le test des écologistes. Coll. Logiques Politiques. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2001.

251. ---. "Pourquoi les organisations changent-elles? Analyse d’un “cas d’école”: les partis écologistes en Europe." Séminaire de recherche du Laboratoire d'Analyse des Systèmes de Communication d'Organisation (LASCO): UCL, 2001.

252. ---. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Applications, Objects and Limits." Faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen, KULeuven: 2001.

253. ---. "La transformation de l'organisation des partis écologistes en Europe Occidentale. Contribution à une théorie du changement partisan.". Université catholique de Louvain, 1999.

254. RIHOUX, Benoît. "Ecolo (Belgium) Party Members: a First Exploration of the Data." European Green Party Members (EGPM) Workshop: 2004.

255. RIHOUX, Benoît. "Governmental Participation and the Organisational Adaptation of Green Parties : on Access, Slack, Overload and Distress." European Journal for Political Research 45.S (2006): s69-s98.

256. ---. "Innovative Methods for Policy Research. The Added Value of Systematic Cross-Case Analysis." Guest Lecture for the Erfurt School of Public Policy, Universität Erfurt: 2004.

257. ---. "International Methodology Workshop." Systematic Comparative Case Analysis: a Third Way Between Qualitative and Quantitative Methods ?”.

258. ---. "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Systematic Comparative Methods: Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges for Social Science Research." International Sociology 21.5 (2006): 679-706.

259. ---. "Recent Developments in QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) and Comparative Configurational Methods: Beyond Methodological Triangulation?" International Symposium in Honour of Paul Lazarsfeld: 2004.

260. ---. "Systematic Configurational Comparatie Methods: Their Added Value for Policy-Oriented Research." National Centre for Research Methods and ESRC Symposium on Small and Large-N Comparative Solutions.

261. ---. "Two Methodological Worlds Apart ? Praises and Critiques From a European Comparativist." Political Analysis 14.3 (2006): 332-35.
Abstract: Critique of Brady & Collier's "Rethinking social enquiry"

262. RIHOUX, Benoît, et al. "Introduction. "L'analyse comparée systématique de cas": ouvrir le(s) débat(s)." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 117-18.

263. RIHOUX, Benoît, et al. "Ce n'est qu'un début, continuons le... débat. Un agenda pour la recherche." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 11.1 (2004): 145-53.

264. RIHOUX, Benoît, and Heike GRIMM. "Conclusion. Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis: Milestone to Bridge Different Worlds." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 287-96.

265. ---, Eds. Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Beyond the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide. New York: Springer/Kluwer, 2006.

266. ---. "Introduction. Beyond the 'Qualitative-Quantitative' Divide: Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis." Innovative Comparative Methods for Policy Analysis. Eds Benoît RIHOUX and Heike GRIMM. New York: Springer, 2006. 1-9.

267. RIHOUX, Benoît, and Charles RAGIN. "Conclusion." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

268. ---, eds. Configurational Comparative Methods. Applied Social Research Methods. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

269. ---. "Introduction." Configurational Comparative Methods. eds Benoît RIHOUX and Charles RAGIN. Thousand Oaks and London: Sage, 2007.

270. ROGOWSKI, Ronald. "How Inter Ference in the Social (but Not in the Physical) Sciences Neglects Theoretical Anomaly." Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Editors Henry E BRADY and David COLLIER. :Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004. 75-84.

271. ROMAIN, Patrick. "A QCA Analysis of the Influence of “Socio-Pedagogical” Variables on “Value Transmission” by Mathematics Teachers in Belgian French-Speaking High Schools." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "QCA (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) in Comparative Research: Applications": 2003.
Abstract: Mathematics courses are not only concerned with the transmission of mathematical knowledge. Teachers value certain aspects of this knowledge, rather than some others. For example, some will insist on abilities like abstracting, conducting a logical reasoning, working intensively, …, or on attitudes like precision, rigor, care.
This paper will explore how socio-pedagogical variables favor the teacher broadcasting some of these “values”. Various conditions may be taken into account. Some are internal to the teacher: he is motivated; he has a long experience in mathematics teaching. Others are external: pupils are disciplined; their families are comfortably off; the curriculum is more or less intensive in mathematics. Our cases will be a small number (~12) of high school teachers in Belgium (year 2002-2003). We carry out a range of QCA analyses, involving given sets of condition variables and several result (dependant) variables related to different aspects of the values transmission.

272. ROSE, Richard. "Comparing Forms of Comparative Analysis." Political Studies 39.3 (1991): 446-62.

273. RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich. "Can One or a Few Cases Yield Theoretical Gains." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY, James MAHONEY, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 305-36.

274. RUESCHEMEYER, Dietrich. "Different Methods - Contradictory Results? Research on Development and Democracy." Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research. ed. Charles C. RAGIN. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. 9-38.

275. RÜSCHEMEYER, Dietrich, and John D. STEPHENS. "Comparing Historical Sequences - a Powerful Tool for Causal Analysis. A Reply to John Goldthorpe's "Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology"." Comparative Social Research 16 (1997): 55-72.

276. RYAN, Gery W., and H. Russell BERNARD. "Data Management and Analysis Methods." Handbook of Qualitative Research. eds Norman DENZIN and Yvonna LINCOLN. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2000. 769-802. proofs online at : http://www.missouri.edu/~anthgr/papers/ryanqualitative.pdf.

277. SARTORI, Giovanni. "Bien comparer, mal comparer." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 19-36.

278. ---. "Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics." American Political Science Review 64.4 (1970): 1033-53.

279. SCHLAGER, Edella, and Tanya HEIKKILA. "Examining the Interaction Among CPR Governance Principles: Boundary Problems, Collective Choice and Conflict Resolution in Interstate Watersheds." Workshop III, Watersheds Working Group: 2004.

280. SCHNEIDER, Carsten Q. "Exploring the Complex Causes of the Consolidation of Democracy. An Application of the Two-Step Fs/QCA Approach." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Fuzzy Sets in Comparative Research: Applications": 2003.
Abstract: For more than 20 years, social scientists have faced the challenge of explaining the Consolidation of Democracy of third wave democracies. Despite enormous efforts and considerable progress on the theoretical and the empirical level, there is a growing dissatisfaction with the results obtained so far. More and more, there is criticism that the research community has not yet been able to integrate the several hypotheses of CoD into more coherent sets of theories (Munck 2001).
There are several reasons for this shortcoming, one of which is located according to the claim - on the methodological level. It is pointed out that the use of regression constitutes an obstacle to formulating and testing subtle and context sensitive but, at the same time, generalizable theories. The argument is that the underlying assumptions of correlation-based standard statistical techniques like multivariate regression - additive and linear effects of variables and unifinality - constrain researchers to testing only simple versions of otherwise more complex theories of CoD (Braumoeller 1999, Coppedge 2002, Munck 2001, Ragin 2000). In addition, necessary and sufficient relationships between variables despite being commonly postulated in hypotheses cannot be investigated properly with in standard statistical approaches (Braumoeller/Goertz 2000).
This paper examines the potentials of fs/QCA as an alternative method for testing and, thus, developing more complex theories on CoD. More specifically, it applies the two-step fs/QCA module (Schneider/Wagemann forthcoming) to real data. The data set includes the fuzzy set outcome variable CoD and around 8-10 fuzzy set causal conditions for ca. 30 cases from the third wave of democratization. Given the novelty of the fuzzy set QCA approach, in general, and the two-step approach, in particular, the paper will dwell to a large extent on general, CoD-unspecific issues. Nevertheless, it is also intended to make a substantial contribution to the research on the causes for CoD. As an additional innovation, this paper makes use of a recently constructed index of CoD (Schmitter/Schneider forthcoming).

281. SCHNEIDER, Carsten Q., and Claudius WAGEMANN. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) und Fuzzy Sets. Ein Lehrbuch für Anwender und jene, die es werden wollen. Opladen & Farmington Hills: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2007.

282. SEILER, Daniel-Louis. "La comparaison et les partis politiques." BCN Political Science Debates .2 (2003): 5-27.

283. SEILER, Daniel-Louis. De la comparaison des partis politiques. Paris: Economica, 1986.

284. ---. "Science politique, comparaison et universaux." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 1.1 (1994): 91-100.

285. SEILER, Daniel-Louis. "Un système consociatif exemplaire: la Belgique." Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée 4.3 (1997): 601-23.

286. SERDÜLT, Uwe, and Christian HIRSCHI. "From Process to Structure: Developing a Reliable and Valid Tool for Policy Network Comparison." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Applied Comparative Case Studies": 2003.
Abstract: One of the major shortcomings to using Social Network Analysis is the lack of valid, reliable and practical procedures to generate comparable cases. In this paper we would like to suggest such a procedure.
Traditional case studies are basically narrative thick descriptions focusing on actor’s event participation during the decision-making process. By agreeing in advance on the events of a decision-making procedure, a descriptive case study can be transformed into an ‘Actor-Process-Event-Scheme’ (APES) where political actors are linked by: a) event participation, and b) procedural (institutional) linkages. In a next step, the data formalized in the APES can easily be transformed into a policy network by joining the event/actor matrix (a) and the actor/actor matrix (b).
We propose an easy, non-technical, solution for transferring information from decision-making case studies into policy networks which can then be used for QCA and comparative analysis in general. In this paper we will demonstrate how our tool is helping to make the step from process to structure by applying it to several case studies we established in the realms of a national research program on the domestic dimension of foreign policy making.

287. SHALEV, Michael. "Limits of and Alternatives to Multiple Regression in Macro-Comparative Research." Second Conference on The Welfare State at the Crossroads: 1998.

288. SIEGEL, Nico A. "Bounded Generalisations. Embedding and Contextualizing Comparative Case Studies." 2nd ECPR General Conference, Section "Methodological Advances in Comparative Research : Concepts, Techniques, Applications", Panel "Systematic Qualitative Comparisons in Comparative Research": 2003.
Abstract: There does exist a number of techniques which try to reduce the 'small n many variables' dilemma in comparative politics and there can be found numerous critical remarks about the hegemonic status of case studies in comparative politics. I will argue in this paper that we cannot "escape" some fundamental problems of research situations in which we often have more theoretically plausible variables than empirical cases under investigation. However, the second argument of this paper is that we have techniques and methodological concepts which make some comparative case studies more useful for the purposes of theorising in comparative politics than others. Therefore we are well advised to invest much research input in questions related to problems of methodology and research design before processing in-dept case studies. For this purpose, I would suggest to combine the virtues of different methodological approaches and levels of analysis in comparative politics for what I would call "embedded" comparative case studies leading to "bounded generalisations".

289. SIGELMAN, L., and G. H. GADBOIS. "Contemporary Comparative Politics : an Inventory and Assessment." Comparative Political Studies 16 (1983): 275-305.
Abstract: U-shaped curve in the number of publications with regards to the number of cases analyzed.

290. SIL, Rudra. "The Division of Labor in Social Science Research: Unified Methodology or 'Organic Solidarity' ?" Polity 32.4 (2000).

291. ---. Managing "Modernity": Work, Community, and Authority in Late-Industrializing Japan and Russia. Ann Harbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.

292. SKOCPOL, Theda. "Analyzing Causal Configurations in History : a Rejoinder to Nichols." Comparative Social Research 9 (1986): 187-94.

293. SKOCPOL, Theda. "Doubly Engaged Social Science: The Promise of Comparative Historical Analysis." Comparative Historical Research. eds James MAHONEY, James MAHONEY, and Dietrich RUESCHEMEYER. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2003. 407-28.

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